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Dee don' nobody nuver pay short visits dyah, he said, decisively, and I fell to other tactics. You couldn' spile Christmas den noways, he repeated, reflectingly, while his little mules trudged knee-deep through the mud. Twuz Christmas den, sho' 'nough, he added, the fires of memory smouldering, and then, as they blazed into sudden flame, he asserted, positively: Dese heah free-issue niggers don' know what Christmas is.

Hawg meat an' pop crackers don' meck Christmas. Hit tecks ole times to meck a sho'-'nough, tyahin'-down Christmas. I's seen 'em! But de wuss Christmas I ever seen tunned out de best in de een, he added, with sudden warmth, an' dat wuz de Christmas me an' Marse George an' Reveller all got drownded down at Braxton's Creek. You's hearn 'bout dat'? As he was sitting beside me in solid flesh and blood, and looked as little ethereal in his old hat and patched clothes as an old oak stump would have done, and as Colonel Staunton had made a world-wide reputation when he led his regiment through the Chickahominy thickets against McClellan's intrenchments, I was forced to confess that I had never been so favored, but would like to hear about it now; and with a hitch of the lap blanket under his outside knee, and a supererogatory jerk of the reins, he began:.

I went wid him, 'cause me an' him wuz de same age; I was born like on a Sat'day in. Upload Sign In Join.

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Home Books. Save For Later. It was thought to be a pious act for the owner to become "godfather for a slave child, implying the moral obligation to arrange eventually for its freedom. In the southern United States, the slave was subjected to a process of dehumaniza-tion; he was at the complete mercy of the owner whose interest was purely economic; and he had none of the advantages mentioned above, except the system of hiring out on his own time. Carl N. Degler, in a recent study of race relations in Brazil and the United States, refutes the Elkins and Tannenbaum theses of comparisons.

He contends that South American slaves were victims of the same ruthless exploitation experienced by slaves in the Old South. According to Degler, "as was the case in the United States, 9.

Unc' Edinburg: A Plantation Echo

Elkins, Slavery, pp. PAGE 23 Slave Plantations of the New World 7 a vigorous internal slave trade broke up many families, whether the unions had been solemnized by the church or not. Brazilians were aware of this inhuman practice, as was evidenced in an address to the Senate by Joao Mauricio Wanderly in "It is a horror, gentlemen, to see children ripped from their mothers, husbands sep arated from wives, parents from children!


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Go to Law Street and be outraged and touched by the spectacle of such sufferings. And this happens at the Court of the Empire! I am not given much to sentimentalism, but I confess that I am disturbed; it horrifies me when I consider all the consequences of this barbarous, inhuman traffic, and I will say, even more barbarous, more inhuman than the traffic from the coast of Africa. In the Old South the slave was given religious instruction, generally presented by a Baptist, Methodist, or Presbyterian minister, depending upon the owner's church affiliation.

From the owner's view, religion was a necessary emotional ingredient for the slave since justification of bondage was reinforced through biblical in terpretation. However, the church of South America was a body which governed spiritually in a way completely separate and away This system was no different from the system of hiring in the slave states of the Old South, as evidenced in Florida.

See Richard C.

Southern Literature

Wade, Slavery in the Cities-, The South, But Degler cites many in stances of the church's indifferent attitude concerning mistreatment of slaves in Brazil. They frequently ran away, hoping to escape from the routine of forced labor on the plantation. Valueless slaves usually remained on the plantation and were cared for by the owner. In summary, what can be said of the differences in treatment of the Negro slave on the plantations of the New World?

First, it should be remembered that the reason for the slave's bondage was economic; the profit motive of the owner was the first considera tion in any feeling he held for his bondsman. Quite naturally, he understood the importance of maintaining the slave with the min imal necessities of life to insure a profitable output of work and return on his investment.


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Would it not be reasonable to assume, since the system of slavery was based upon economics, that any variations in treatment of the Negro slave in North and South America were slight? For the black, any view of slavery in the New World must neces sarily be a dim one; he was exploited, degraded, and stripped of his cultural heritage while being molded into a new personality type to insure his inferior status as a slave.

For the slaveholder, there was every advantage: prestige, a working force to develop a large estate to sustain a money crop, or a force to be hired out for a reasonable return, and expectancy of natural increase in his slave population to enhance the investment in slaves. Degler, Neither Black Nor White, pp. As early as , colonial officials had requested permission to import Negro slaves to be used as a work force in the area of St.

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Sev eral years later a small group was brought in to help reinforce the fort there and to clear the woods for planting. This importation of Negro slaves into Spanish Florida did not increase in any significant way, due to the rigid restrictions of the Spanish Crown pro hibiting the use of slave labor in Florida on a scale comparable to that of the labor forces used to develop the sugar plantations of the Spanish West Indies.

Thus, a labor shortage prevailed in Florida during the period of Spanish control, between and This greatly hampered the development of crop production and the colony was never self-sustaining, having to rely upon staples im ported from Havana, Cuba, and abroad. Even before this war ended, wealthy planters and merchants of South Carolina had become interested in East Florida along the St. Johns River for cultivating rice and indigo. Some of them moved to the area, imported Negro slaves, and developed large plantations with the use of this labor force.

Unlike the Spanish period, Florida under English colonization was relatively self-sufficient. The British government offered bounties for indigo and naval stores and these soon became the principal staples of the region. The progress of agriculture and slavery in British Florida was to be temporary. At the close of the Revolu tionary War in , Florida was re-ceded to Spain and most of the British inhabitants, with their slaves, left the country.

Under this period of Spanish control, from to , Florida relapsed into the economic stalemate of her earlier days under Spanish rule. Such were the conditions when Florida was acquired from Spain by the United States in to become'a frontier development for slaveholding cotton planters from the older states of the South.

It was already known that the lands called Middle Florida, lying just below the thirty-first parallel of latitude between the Apalachicola and Suwannee rivers, and the lands bordering these rivers were extremely fertile and desirable for growing cotton. As early as , the botanist William Bartram described the country as exceptionally fertile for the cultivation of cotton and other agri cultural products. In this relatively small and isolated region, there came into being between and i a cotton economy which compared favorably in output with that of the Georgia Piedmont or the Black Belt of Alabama and Mississippi.

Without the use of abundant cheap labor, the process of winning new lands from a wilderness could never have been achieved. The plantation was a frontier institution and its development in Florida exemplified the manner in which settlers pushed into virgin lands to create new slaveholding societies based upon an enforced labor system. The cotton belt in Florida, when it became fully developed, extended from Jackson County, west of the Apalachicola River, into Alachua and Marion counties, southeast of the Suwannee River.

The heaviest concentrations of plantations, slave populations, and cotton produc The Travels of William Bartram, ed. Mark Van Doren, p. It was only after that settlers with their slaves spilled over into Alachua and Marion counties to develop new cotton lands. In South Florida, sugar plantations, developed as early as the s, had been completely destroyed during the Seminole Wars of the s.

After , a new migration to South Florida along the Manatee River resulted in the rise of a few large sugar plantations, but sugar in Florida was in no way comparable to cotton as a money crop, and after its importance declined. The Upper Coastal Plains Belt, more commonly known as the Appalachian foothills, is characterized by gently rolling country with elevations ranging from two hundred to five hundred feet.

They extend eastward from the 3. Manatee County in , Manatee District in Hillsborough County , generally thought to be the most important sugar county, produced less than Marion County by i All of the cotton counties grew sugar for molasses to supplement slave diets and all except Alachua and Jackson counties produced some sugar.

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Cotton production by counties in i is listed below. The remaining counties produced very small amounts. United States Census, ; C. Wythe Cooke, Geology of Florida, p. They are bounded on the north by the state of Georgia and extend south ward for twenty-five or thirty miles. In Gadsden County, large deposits of Fuller's earth appear in the Hawthorn, and near the Apalachicola River the Hawthorn has been completely covered by Pleistocene marine terrace deposits.


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The topsoil itself has a grayish and sometimes brownish or red dish color, resulting from its composition of lime and marl, two natural fertilizers which contribute to its richness. American Agri culturist in , described it as being "a dark-red color, composed of sand, clay, lime, and iron, and having an unctuous feel as though it contained fatty matter.

Most of the lakes are shallow and were formed by the collection of water in sink holes, or "lime sinks. The lakes fill again when dead plant life, or soil material, clogs the underground passages. In the same manner, rivers and streams disappear when the water breaks through soft limestone 6.

Wythe Cooke, Scenery of Florida, p. Cooke, Geology of Florida, pp. Cooke, Scenery of Florida, p. The American Agriculturist 10 Cooke, Geology of Florida, p. By digging deep wells, set tlers soon discovered that pure, clear, "free stone" water could be reached beneath the surface and an abundant supply was easily obtained. At White Springs, a sulphur spring breaks out of the Suwannee River.

Early settlers thought the sulphur water contained valuable medical properties and came from miles around to drink and bathe in the water. White Springs became a resort area during the antebellum era and also an important commercial center where merchants catered to planters east and west of the Suwannee River. Fertile lands bordering the Suwannee and its tributaries, the Alapaha and Withlacoochee, were quickly settled because of their richness and adapt ability to cotton.

The Apalachicola River, dividing Gadsden and Jackson counties, became one of the important commercial highways of the South during the ante bellum period. It was navigable throughout its length and steamboats plied its waters, continuing on up the Chattahoochee and the Flint, from where these two rivers converge to form the Apalachicola.