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Editorial Reviews. About the Author. Joe Zobkiw is president of TripleSoft Inc., a software development firm located in Raleigh, NC. He has been writing software​.
Table of contents

Most notably, the word "Power" was dropped from all product lines. During the Keynote address at Macworld in , where the first Intel-based Macs, the iMac and MacBook Pro, were announced, Steve Jobs remarked that the new naming schemes for their products reflected their desire to have "Mac" in the name of all of their computers, and because they were "done with power. The first known attempt to move to Intel platforms was the Star Trek project from spring to , a joint effort with Novell to port Mac OS 7 to run on ordinary PCs.

The ported System 7. While the project was successful with running pre-beta versions it was stopped in after management and strategy changes.

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This took several years, during which Apple produced versions of the classic Mac OS that could run on either platform, introduced fairly low-level emulation of the 68k architecture by the PowerPC models, and encouraged third-party developers to release fat binaries that could run natively on either architecture. This transition also took a number of years, and was facilitated by the inclusion of Classic , an environment in which an instance of Mac OS 9 could be run, permitting the execution of programs that had not been ported to Mac OS X, as well as the introduction of Carbon for Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X, allowing programs to run natively on either system.

It is not publicly known whether Apple maintains current builds for any other architectures although the related iOS runs on the iPhone 's ARM architecture. Steve Jobs stated that Apple's primary motivation for the transition was their disappointment with the progress of IBM's development of PowerPC technology, and their greater faith in Intel to meet Apple's needs.

In particular, he cited the performance per watt projections in the roadmap provided by Intel. Further, the heat produced by the chip proved an obstacle to deploying it in a laptop computer, which had become the fastest growing segment of the personal computer industry. Some observers were surprised that Apple had not made a deal with AMD , which had in recent years become a strong competitor to Intel. AMD had recently released its competitive bit Opteron platform, [11] [12] and by moving straight to x Apple would have had one less architecture transition.

Analysts have speculated that AMD's lack of low-power designs at the time were behind the decision to go with Intel.

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Such software could now enjoy much more success with near-native performance through virtualization , such as is currently being done by Parallels Desktop for Mac and VMware Fusion. For those customers wishing to achieve a more conventional environment, a dual boot solution is possible on an x86 Apple device using Boot Camp software which includes Windows drivers for Mac hardware. Some third-party partitioning options can even provide triple, or even quadruple boot. The performance of Intel's chipsets was a concern, along with the x86 architecture itself, and whether it would affect system performance and application quality.

Other problems include endianness and reduced floating point performance in real world applications relative to equivalent or contemporary PowerPC processors. There was concern that the early announcement of the change would cause an Osborne effect , and there was the possibility that Intel could force Apple to use the Intel Inside branding. In addition, Apple had nurtured a feeling of animosity toward Intel among its loyal base. It would take time and money to convince Apple's most loyal customers that Intel was acceptable.


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There were also fears that Intel, which took part in the development and implementation of the USB , would force Apple to drop all development and support of its FireWire serial bus on all Intel Macs. This did not occur, as FireWire ports continued to be included on all Macs, except certain notebook configurations beginning with the MacBook Air in , until being replaced by the faster Thunderbolt port. Many of these fears were put to rest at Macworld with the arrival of the first Intel-based Macs.

Rosetta was improved to offer much faster speeds than originally demonstrated though benchmarks suggest that PowerPC code still does not perform as well under emulation on a Core Duo iMac as it does on a G5 iMac [14]. Fears of an Osborne effect were dismissed after sales of Macs for the Christmas quarter saw an increase over the previous Christmas.


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There were questions over the extent to which Apple would retain control over the non-processor components of the system design. Apple is traditionally a systems builder, and some feared that Apple's industrial design philosophy may be affected if the company switched to commodity parts. Others noted that Apple has slowly been switching to standard parts since the introduction of the PCI Power Mac in , and said that using a non-Apple chipset in itself would not harm the Mac's image. The use of the x86 architecture allows Windows to run natively on Apple hardware, and opens the possibility of using the Wine package to run Windows executables directly.

Some [ who? Others say that it could be a boon to switchers , since they would not have to leave their Windows applications behind while trying out Mac OS X. Intel was seen among the Mac community as a purveyor of hot-running chips especially the Pentium 4. Apple themselves mocked the Pentium range in their "Toasted Bunnies " advertisements of the late s. However, the Pentium M chips, which were designed for laptop use, run much cooler than the Pentium 4. Apple claimed the then-new Intel Core chips, which are based on the Pentium M microarchitecture, would have dramatically better performance per watt than the PowerPC G4 and G5.

Finally, the relative quality of the x86 architecture has been discussed. Critics of the switch say that x86 was a poor choice because of its lack of hardware registers compared to the PowerPC, and the lack of AltiVec also known as Velocity Engine.

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Proponents have responded by saying that the x86 architecture has evolved greatly since the original was introduced, and that CPUs in general have combined RISC and CISC philosophies in their internal designs for some time, making the distinction obsolete. They also point out that improved SSE could equal AltiVec , and that most programmers rarely deal with x86's peculiarities because the compiler does the work. The PowerPC G5 was a bit design, although very few applications made use of the increased address space.

In contrast the original Core Solo and Core Duo chips were bit. On August 7, , Apple released the Mac Pro and Intel-based Xserve , introducing Intel 64 Intel's implementation of x architecture into the lineup through the use of the Xeon processor. More extensive optimization is provided by a powerful rule-based optimizer that can optimize hundreds of common high-level phrases.

Translations

This optimizer is normally enabled, but can be disabled for debugging or comparison purposes. For example, consider the definition of DIGIT, which converts a small binary number to a printable character:. With the optimizer disabled, the following code is generated displayed here using the SwiftForth disassembler :. Before pressing Enter, you may backspace or use the left- and right-arrow keys to edit your command line.

The up- and down-arrow keys page through a buffer of previous command lines. The SwiftForth command-line processor also implements tab completion. Pressing the Tab key after typing a few characters repeatedly completes the line from matching patterns in the command history buffer. This displays the line in the source on which the word appears, with several lines after it as well as the file in which the source is located and the line numbers of the lines displayed.

The editor will be launched and open with the correct source line selected. SwiftForth provides a cross-reference tool that enables you to find all references to a word. To find all the places a word is used, type:. This displays the first line of the definition of name, followed by each line of source code in which name is referenced in the currently loaded code. If there are multiple definitions with the same name, WHERE will list each definition and the references to it separately.

The shortcut:. This command is not the same as a source search; it is based on the code that is loaded right now.


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    5. SwiftForth includes a disassembler that can be used to generate human-readable source code from compiled definitions. By disassembling a definition, you can see exactly what instructions were generated by the compiler. The left column shows the memory location being disassembled. This is followed by the instruction or data at that location. Note that the disassembler attempts to match named locations in memory with their addresses. The right column shows the actual bytes in memory.

    A simple single-step debugger allows you to step through code compiled from a source file. Here is a simple example:. At each step, the source line is displayed with the next word to be stepped through highlighted. After this, the current data stack is displayed in the familiar. S format along with a prompt for the next step:. SWOOP provides the essential features of object-oriented programming. The following brief introductory information is excerpted from the SwiftForth Reference Manual.

    It demonstrates two of the four basic class member types: data and colon. These definitions are referred to as the members of the class. When a class name is executed, it leaves its handle xt on the stack.

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    The constructor words are the primary consumers of this handle. The class definition itself does not allocate any instance storage; it only records how much storage is required for each instance of the class. Objects may be static or dynamic. Both early and late binding are supported. Instance data and methods are implemented in a manner that is very efficient in the context of a Forth development environment. Because SwiftForth was designed from the outset as a hosted system, great care has been given to make the interface to system and library functions as clean and easy to use as possible, given the inherent complexity of the OS environment.

    System functions in Windows, Linux, and macOSare provided to an application program via the dynamic library mechanism. SwiftForth supports a simple library function import mechanism that is based on the C function prototype. Both C-prototype and Pascal-prototype library functions may be called; SwiftForth passes the parameter stack to the external functions automatically. Functions with identical names from different libraries may be invoked without name collision via an alias mechanism. Lists of currently attached libraries and their imported functions may be displayed in the debug window at any time.

    Here is an example of the import of the Windows global memory allocation function from Kernel A callback is an entry point into your program. It is provided for the OS to call in certain circumstances to pass messages or signals to your program. A callback is much like an interrupt in other programming environments, in that the code that responds to it is not executing as a sequential part of your application.

    Callbacks may execute any reentrant SwiftForth words, but may not directly communicate with the running program other than by storing data where the program may find it. A callback must always return a single integer result, which is used as the return value from the callback function. The defining word CB: wraps the execution of the xt with the necessary code to construct and discard the transient task environment in which the callback runs. Executing name returns the address to pass to the OS e.