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Jan 1, - Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, (born , Baghdad—died , Baghdad), Muslim theologian, jurist, and martyr for his faith. He was the compiler of the Traditions of the Prophet Muḥammad (Musnad) and formulator of the Ḥanbalī, the most strictly traditionalist of the four orthodox Islāmic schools of law.
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- Ibn Hanbal: The architect of a school of thought
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- The Biography of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal Salahuddin Ali Abdul
These doctrines were from the Mutazilite school of thought, and held that the Qur'an was created and not eternal. Ibn Hanbal was arrested and brought in chains before the court, and suffered a great deal. He patiently submitted to corporal punishment and imprisonment, and resolutely refused to abjure his beliefs.
Caliph al-Ma'mun reportedly had Ibn Hanbal flogged. Under the rule of Al-Mutawakkil however, the policy of the government changed and Ibn Hanbal's trials came to an end. From then onwards he was accorded honor befitting his great knowledge and on several occasions he was invited to the court and granted a generous pension. Ibn Hanbal, however, turned down the offers due to his general dislike of being close to the rulers.
Ibn Hanbal: The architect of a school of thought
He refused to visit his own son and uncle, or to pray behind them, because they had taken up posts under the Caliph. Al-Mutwakkil, knowing that Imam Ahmad would refuse to accept any gifts from him, instead presented some gifts to his son, Salih b. This period of Islamic history saw both the consolidation of the tradition of fiqh, and what amounted to a contest for power between the political or temporal rulers and the scholars. The latter claimed knowledge of the tradition, which carried with it the right to exercise legal authority.
The rulers, who were not trained in fiqh tried to control the legal institutions and to substitute their own regulations for the canons of Islamic law. These aimed at consolidating their own power and wealth and often tried to side-line Islam. What emerged in practice was a type of separation of powers, or a system of checks and balances. The Caliphs were under, not above the Shariah , which was interpreted and protected by the scholars. Although removing a corrupt ruler was never easy, in principle this could be done. There are a number of examples in Islamic history when the ulema scholars have dismissed a ruler and substituted another.
The issue of whether the Qur'an was created or uncreated was an aspect of this struggle; if created, some argued, it might have been created other than it was, which left more scope for human reason. Ibn Hanbal defended the "uncreatedness" of the Qur'an. Among the works of Ibn Hanbal is the great encyclopedia of traditions called Musnad, compiled by his son from his lectures and amplified by supplements-containing over 28, traditions.
Ibn Hanbal's fame spread far and wide.
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His learning, piety and unswerving faithfulness to traditions gathered a host of disciples and admirers around him. His teachings plus his books would lead his disciples to form the Hanbali school of jurisprudence. This is one of the four recognized schools of jurisprudence in Sunni Islam. Many Sunnis felt that the Four Imams had achieved such a high grasp of the law that, after their deaths, nothing new could be added. Rather, the duty of subsequent generations is to comment on and to interpret the corpus of this legal legacy.
Ibn Hanbal died in Baghdad on July 31, C. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation.
Living during a turbulent era of political uncertainty, he turned inwards, exploring the realm of God and the paths to Him through mystical poetry. Little about Attar is known with certainty. Supposedly reliable Persian sources vary during the year of his death by a span of 43 years. One reason for this uncertainty is that, unlike other Islamic poets, he did not write flattering panegyrics about his own life and greatness. This is to his personal credit, but unfortunately for the historian. We are certain only of the fact that he was born in Nishapur in northeastern Persia; he passed 13 years of his youth in Mashad, and spent much of his life collecting the poetry of other Sufi mystics.
He was the son of a prosperous chemist, and got an excellent education in Arabic, theosophy and medicine.
The Biography of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal Salahuddin Ali Abdul
The people he helped in the pharmacy used to confide their troubles in Attar and this affected him deeply. Eventually, he abandoned his pharmacy and travelled widely to Kufa, Mecca, Damascus, Turkistan, and India, meeting Sufi sheikhs and returned promoting Sufi Islamic mysticism ideas IN his home city of Nishapur. Attar speaks of his own poetry in various contexts, including the epilogues of his long narrative poems. He confirms the guess likely to be made by every reader that he possessed an inexhaustible fund of thematic and verbal inspiration.
He writes that when he composed his poems, more ideas came into his mind than he could possibly use.
He also states that the effort of poetical composition threw him into a state of trance in which he could not sleep. The Mantiq al-Tayr The Conference of Birds written in the twelfth century by Farid al-Din Attar, a metaphorical tale of birds seeking a king God has inspired readers across time and around the world. This epic poem tells of a conference attended by all types of birds, who pose a series of questions to their leader, the hoopoe.
The stories he tells in reply are allegories for the spiritual quest and its pitfalls.
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Mantiq al-Tayr or The Conference of Birds is known as his most famous epic poem, which is consecrated to the tale of the spiritual quest of 30 birds to find their supreme sovereign, the simurgh. Get A Copy. Kindle Edition , 62 pages. More Details Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up.
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