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The Young Pioneers of America or Young Pioneers League of America was a children's 1 Organization; 2 Camps; 3 Publications YPA troops would meet in local workers centers, labor lyceums and halls owned by Communist the exceptions of African American, Cuban or American Indian members) and some branch.
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Meanwhile, Congress had created a commission to validate land tittles in California. The commission was required by law to both inform the Indians that it would be necessary to file claims for their lands and report upon the nature of these claims. Because no one bothered to inform the Indians of these requirements, no claims were submitted.

The practical result was the complete dispossession of the Indians in the eyes of the government. Despite this chicanery, several tribes would violently and later legally contest these frauds to defend their territory, homes and families. From the native viewpoint, signatories of the treaties had agreed to move to specific locations promised in the treaties. Yet such attempts often met with violent attacks by miners and others opposed to the very existence of Indians. Non-treaty groups simply endured the madness and race hatred of those waging a merciless war against them.

Most tribes did their best to withdraw from all contact with the mayhem overwhelming them. These acts effectively removed all legal redress for native peoples and left them to the mercy of anyone who chose to sexual assault, kidnap even murder them. Despite entering the union as a free state in , the California legislature rapidly enacted a series of laws legalizing Indian slavery. One of the laws sanctioned an indenture system similar to Mexican peonage in widespread practice throughout California prior to Indian youth could be enslaved by the cruel act to the age of 30 for males and 25 for females.

The federal government finally decided to establish an Indian policy in California in when Edward F.

Beale was appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs for California. The site was chosen because of the continuing problem of local horse raiding by Southern California Indians. Yokut, Gabrielino and Kitanemuk tribesmen were gathered together on this barren 50,acre parcel call San Sebastian. Apparently, Beale squandered his entire allocation on less than Indians at San Sebastian. This action becomes comprehensible only when it is known that within a decade, Beale wound up owning much of that short-lived reserve.


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His behavior in office set the standard for decades of widespread corruption and incompetence that distinguishes the Bureau of Indian Affairs in California and elsewhere. The latter two were both located in Mendocino County. These hastily organized communities provided little in the way of support or even minimal refuge for native peoples cajoled to move there.

These unsurveyed reserves lacked game, suitable agricultural lands and water. They soon became overrun with white squatters who systematically corrupted the Indians and introduced an epidemic of venereal diseases. More unsatisfactory still, were Indian Farms located on lands rented from newcomers now holding legal title to said lands.

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Frequently, federal and Indian agents themselves indentured his wards for personal enrichment. Government records for this period show that fewer than of the less than 70, surviving California Indians received recognition let alone provisions for reservations. So what were the vast majority of Indians doing during this period? The vast majority of California Indians struggled to survive without government aid or recognition.

This was a traditional pattern of behavior when drought and other natural catastrophes struck. Deprived of land and their life sustaining resources, they were left with no other options. With a few notable exceptions, the mass murder of the Gold Rush era diminished, as Indian victims became scarce and survivors learned to avoid Americans whenever possible. The great hardships of this adaptation were made bearable with the development of a messianic cult movement called the Ghost Dance of In part triggered by the introduction of Christian missionary activities, this new religious movement was pan-tribal in nature and obviously a response to the massive population decline.

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The movement promised the return of dead relatives and the disappearance of the oppressors. It was most desperately embraced by those tribes who had most recently suffered great population declines. Despite lasting only a few years, it was fundamental in revitalizing intra-tribal religious integration. In short, it provided hope for the nearly hopeless situation Indian found themselves confronted with. The last organized violent reaction to dispossession and federal Indian policy erupted between The first was a series of Indian wars in Northwestern California.

Here Yurok, Karok, Hupa and other tribes fought the increasingly paranoid and aggressive Americans who routinely murdered them, stole their children and burned their villages. Attempts to disarm Indians and continued kidnapping for sexual slavery quickly led to violent resistance. In , the militia established a fort in the Hupa Valley to make war on the Wilkut and Chilula tribes.

Many members of those tribes had been captured and deported to the Mendocino Reservation. Frustrated by the stiff resistance of interior groups, the militia found it easier to murder nearby inoffensive peaceful and non-hostile Indians. The notorious Indian Island massacre in Humboldt Bay was the bitter fruit of that race hatred.

Eventually some Hupa Indians agreed to assist the soldiers in hunting their hostile neighbors. Despite this defection, several bands of Hupa joined the hostiles and effectively resisted until when they surrendered. This led to the establishment of the Hupa Valley Reservation in August of Because both state and federal authorities seriously underestimated the number of surviving California Indians, plans to remove all Indians to the handful of reservations already established, proved impractical.

Several attempts to place multiple tribes on single reservations frequently resulted in violence, mass murder and war. The Modoc war of was caused by such a policy that insisted the Modocs be deported out of California to the Klamath Reservation in Oregon. Driven twice from that reserve, a third attempt to deport the Modocs back to Klamath resulted in a stunning war in Squatters overrunning the Reservation descended upon these unfortunate tribesmen and murdered 45 of them.

The mob justified its actions by claiming the Indians might steal food from the squatters. Survivors fled in terror back to Chico, only to be again removed to Round Valley sometime afterwards. The BIA showed little interest in assisting such tribes. Those lucky enough to have reservations established in the aboriginal territories were understandably reluctant to share the scant advantages they enjoyed with newly arrived emigre tribes.

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Also true was the fact that no tribes desired to be relocated outside of their aboriginal territories. Tradition emphasized territorially and to stray from it required one to steal food resources from neighboring tribes. Non-Indians could not fathom the intensity and depth of the Indians spiritual attachment to their territories. A steady population decline accompanied by widespread reports of destitution and hunger haunted those tribes without reserved lands. Despite hardship encountered, survival demanded innovation and adaptation.

Being driven to the edge of extinction, Indians demonstrated again and again a strong will to survive. That determination notwithstanding, the widespread kidnapping, slavery and violence took a frightful toll on tribesmen and their cultures. Leadership lineages became scattered and displaced. Many ceremonies could no longer be held because access to sacred places was now denied. Cultural mandates to feed ceremonial guests could no longer be achieved by those who otherwise were able to hold public rituals.

These folks were determined to destroy Indian culture and aboriginal belief systems that undergirded it. The California superintendency attracted a succession of special investigators caused by constant reports of corruption that reached Washington.

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Special reports conducted in , and clearly and thoroughly document the corruption and inefficiency plaguing government programs for Indians. Once these twin goals were realized, Indians would be rewarded with citizenship and take their place among the lower classes with other non-whites in American society. Reservation agents insisted their residents join churches and cease practicing the old ways. The General Allotment Act of forcibly divided reservation tribal lands, doling out small parcels to individual Indians and their families.

If the allotee built a house, engaged in farming or ranching, sent his children to government Indian schools and renounced his tribal allegiance and otherwise pleased the agent, he would after 25 years receive title to his land and citizenship.

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Unlike tribal lands, these parcels would become taxable. The program was inaugurated in California in By approximately 2, allotments had been carved out of the tiny communal tribal reservation lands. Traditional Indians opposed the detribalizing goals of allotment.