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Table of contents
- The fall of African tyrants
- Overthrow and Revolution
- Folger Theatre
- Why Do People Follow Tyrants? | Psychology Today
A three-pronged attack was planned, but at the last minute objections by the Corinthians and the other Spartan king, Demaratos, led to the withdrawal of the Spartans. The Athenians fought and defeated both the Boiotians and Chalkidians on a single day. The credit for this great success was attributed by Herodotus to the new democracy:. Overthrow and Revolution In B. Fragment of an inscription from a statue base, about 47S B. Athens, Agora Museum I This fragment is probably part of the original base under the statues of Harmodios and Aristogeiton, who assassinated Hipparchos.
Only part of the inscription is preserved, the name of Harmodios and the phrase "established their native land. Iron spearhead L. These facts led Robert Drews 10 to conclude that the form of government employed by Gyges was identical with that of Psammetichus. Both seized power with the help of hoplites and both became tyrants.
The fall of African tyrants
Yet it is not as all certain, according to scholars specializing in the history of the Near East 1 1 , that the text on this Assyrian seal can be related to what Herodotus said about Psammetichus, as Drews believes. According to Drews, the successes of Gyges and Psammetichus were so favourably received in the Greek world that ambitious aristocrats in several cities wanted to imitate these powerful eastern rulers. Cypselus seized power in Corinth.
Drews interprets the classical tradition that the father of Cypselus was not a Dorian to mean that the tyrant was not a Corinthian at all, but a foreigner who was helped by professional hoplites to overthrow the aristocratic Bacchiads and then became tyrant.
Overthrow and Revolution
Drews believes that the classical tradition according to which Labda, the mother of Cypselus, was a Bacchiad, dates from after Cypselus seized power and was intended to legalize his position as tyrant of Corinth. In a surviving fragment of a historical work by Nicolaus of Damascus F.
GrHist 90 F 57 , Cypselus is said to have become military commander of Corinth polemarchos and been so popular with the people that he was able to overthrow the Bacchiads and seize power for himself.
Oost, on the other hand, takes the reference in Nicolaus as confirmation of his belief that on his mother's side Cypselus was a legal member of the Bacchiad family and therefore held a privileged position in Corinth. Oost suggests that Cypselus with the aid of armed Corinthian citizens succeeded in overthrowing the aristocratic regime and became king. This expurgated the crime previously committed by these aristocrats when they came to power by getting rid of the legitimate king. Both authors exaggerate some aspects of the tradition concerning tyranny in Corinth.
Robert Drews put the same interpretation on the emergence of tyrannies in cities neighbouring on Corinth, in Sicyon and Megara, and even on the attempt to set up a tyranny in Athens in the thirties of. It is more than half a century since MJP. Nilsson wrote about the role of the hoplites in the power-struggles of archaic Greece, and particularly in attempts to establish tyranny At that time the same view was also held by Johannes Hasebroek Disagreeing with the common view that the hoplites were armed citizens who expressed the views of the non-aristocratic elements in the Greek city-states, Drews believed that there were groups of professional soldiers hoplites who were commanded by an aristocrat attempting to seized power, and that these hoplites were not citizens of the polis in which a tyranny was thus established.
The theory that the tyrant was a professional soldier captain who seized power with the help of a detachment of professional hoplites, goes too far, in my opinion. The social structure and political conditions in Lydia and Egypt can hardly be compared to those in the Greek city states. Gyges and Psammetichus founded new dynasties, it is true, but they preserved the existing forms of government in their respective countries and there is no information to suggest that they attempted any change in the social system.
I find it equally difficult to agree with the theory put forward by S. Oost, that Cypselus overthrew the oligarchy in Corinth with the help of hoplites who were Corinthian citizens and restored the ancient Bacchiad monarchy. In my view, Cypselus was neither a foreign usurper at the head of a professional army, nor a legitimate king of Bacchiad ancestry ;he was a tyrant who came to power in the course of ever deepening social and political conflict in the Corinth of his day. Dolores Hegyi attempted to see a connection between conditions in Lydia and in Ionia The fact that the oldest coins were minted by the Lydians and the Ionians, and that Gyges seized power and was later popular in Greek tradition, are not convincing enough as arguments.
Although relations between Lydia and the Greeks of Asia Minor were lively, non-Greeks played little part in the Greek poleis, and no direct influence by the Lydian kingdom on conditions in the Ionian cities can be presumed. Besides, it is well known that tyranny was established in the region of the Isthmus of Corinth Corinth, Sicyon, Megara before it emerged in the Ionian poleis Miletus, Ephesus, Samos.
Etymological explanation in classical authors is found only late, and has little value. Modern linguists sought analogies for this foreign term in Greek, in various Indo-European language Lithuanian and Latvian, Sanscrit, Etruscan, Latin, in the languages of the Biblical Pelishtim Philistines and the mysterious Pelasgians, in Phrygian, Lydian, in hieroglyphic Hittite or Luwian. Most of these studies are quoted by Jacques Labarbe, who collected over two hundred instances in Greek inscriptions and papyri, and in Latin inscriptions, where Tyrannos and its related forms appear as personal names It appears that in imperial Roman times, to which most of the inscriptions belong, names of this type are found among people of oriental origin, particularly from Asia Minor.
The title of Tyrannos is also attested in cults which can be traced to oriental goddesses, especially to the Phrygian goddess Cybele. Labarbe believes that the basic characteristic of tyrants' rule was not usurpation but unlimited powers This can hardly be construed from the information at our disposal.
Seizure of power by force is undoubtedly the typical feature of the establishment of a tyranny, just as unlumited powers are characteristic of the tyrant's reign. This monarch was considered a tyrant in classical tradition from Herodotus onwards, because he is said to have done all he could to extend his power beyond Argolis, and because he managed to get control of the Olympic Games, which was regarded as arrogance hybris.
In a thesis on the early stages of tyranny in Greece G. Zoerner declared that it was not the actions of the Lydian King Gyges but the measures taken by Pheidon that stand at the inception of Greek tyranny George Forrest had already pointed out the connection between the rule of Pheidon of Argos and the establishment of a tyranny in Corinth The difficulty, of course, lies in our ignorance of the actual character of Pheidon's rule in Argos, although there is an extremely interesting tradition attributing to him the introduction of a new system of weights and measures.
The question of dating is particularly complex, since the authors of antiquity differ considerably in the dates they give. This is naturally reflected in the work of modern authors, too. Thomas Kelly gives a clear survey of the evidence for the dating of Pheidon's reign As far as the hoplites are concerned, and their possible role in the establishment of tyranny, our attention has been drawn to the depiction of hoplites on seventh and sixth century pottery. Zoerner suggested, study of this evidence presented by Corinthian and Attic vases tends to suggest that this new type of equipment and the military tactics evolved in connection with it developed only slowly.
It is therefore more likely that there was no revolutionary action on the part of the hoplites, seen as a new social class, but that the wealthy non-aristocratic citizens gradually achieved emancipation In the oracle of the Delphic Pythia quoted by Herodotus 5, 92 , Cypselus is called 3a. We can hardly assume from these isolated references that Cypselus and his successsors were given the official title of basileus, as did Edouard Will In the article already quoted 25 S. He bases his claim on the account in Herodotus 5, 67, 2 of the Delphic Oracle's answer to the tyrant of Sicyon, Cleisthenes.
It does not follow from this in the least, however, that Cleisthenes had a royal title. Tyranny cannot be regarded either as a sort of military dictatorship or as a revival of the old monarchy basileia. Chronology is a far from insignificant aspect of the problem of the early tyranny. The majority of scholars now agree to accept the traditional date of the inception of the rule of Cypselus in Corinth, the fifties of the seventh century.
Drews 29 and S. Oost These attempts were refuted by W. Servais also firmly adhered to the traditional dating The chronology of the tyranny in neighbouring Sicyon is closely bound up with the dating of the Corinthian tyranny.
The deepening rift and social tension between the great aristocratic landowners and the small peasants is commonly quoted as one of the factor contributing to the emergence of tyranny in the Greek city-states. The demographic explosion led to a relative overpopulation in the geographical conditions of Greece and the poorly developed state of her agriculture.
Some authors suggest that is was agrarian crisis that led to the emergence of ty-. Edouard Will, for example 36 , regarded Cypselus as the spokesman of the poor peasants. Pleket also stressed the agrarian crisis in the sities of archaic Greece, but rightly reminds us of the role of the urban demos It would be a mistake, of course, to see the tyrants in archaic Greece as social reformers.
Folger Theatre
It is nearer the truth to say they made the most of the social tensions to further their own ends. This is an aspect of the matter stressed by S. Oost in his article on the rule of Theagenes in Megara Discontent under aristocratic rule served them as the stepping-stone to the establishment of autocratic rule. As a rule the tyrant was of noble birth, himself, although not usually one of the clique in power. Cypselus was the son of a non-Dorian, and it appears that Orthagoras did not belong to the Dorian aristocrats who ruled in Sicyon.
Ever since when a newly discovered papyrus fragment was published, dealing with the reign of Orthagoras 40 , the genealogy of the Sicyon tyrants has been the subject of much discussion. The divergent and often very fragmentary information to be gleaned from classical authors has been marshalled most satisfactorily by the Italian scholar M. Denicolai ; her interpretation was taken over and elaborated further by H. Wade-Gery According to this reconstruction after the death of Orthagoras his brother Myron I. Cleisthenes seized the opportunity offered by conflicts between his two older brothers, and became tyrant in the first third of the sixth century On some level, we all fall for the simple gambit of admiring these markers, whatever they may be.
Unfortunately, these markers usually have no correlation to morality or kindness or depth of human character.
Why Do People Follow Tyrants? | Psychology Today
When people feel a lack of control in their own lives, they turn to fantasy figures or escapist outlets to regain a sense of power and ego strength. Sometimes they turn to religion and its all-powerful idealized figures, but more often, they turn to figureheads in their lives, be it celebrities, idols, and people who possess charisma and strength. These charismatic types are masters of outward confidence, self-assuredness, which is reassuring and infectious for those who feel unsteady or insecure in themselves.
This passivity can work to some extent in terms of hiding from initial attention or conflict, but it can be a dangerous way to enable tyrants to proceed unchecked. It also allows a person to stay in a child role of sorts, and avoid ownership of their own problems as they let someone else take over. There is a great appeal to aligning with others who also fall in line, who are in sync with the group in charge. Or conversely, they are too cognitively rigid or overgeneralizing, leading to scapegoating and prejudice , which can easily be exploited.
Overall, there are understandably human tendencies, our foibles and insecurities and aspirations, that draw us to the boldness of the tyrant, but also leave us vulnerable to their ruthlessness, indifference, and exploitation. Overconfidence can be alluring but is ultimately a tactic, even a dangerous one. We cannot heedlessly follow tyrants. Jean Kim, M.