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Diagnostic Pathology: Gynecological, 2nd Edition six easy-to-reference anatomic sections: Vulva, vagina, uterus, ovary, fallopian tube and.
Table of contents
- Vulvar and Vaginal Cancers | OncologyPRO
- Vulvar and vaginal cancers
- 1. Introduction
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The most frequent germs in cellulitis are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
Vulvar and Vaginal Cancers | OncologyPRO
Group A strep Streptococcus bacteria are the most common cause. The bacteria enter your body when you get an injury such as a bruise, burn, surgical cut, or wound.
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It is a severe acute bacterial infection that spreads tissue through subcutaneous cells and fascia resulting in tissue necrosis. Treatment should be rapid with hemodynamic support, extensive surgical treatment, and systemic antibiotic therapy. In the case of the vulvar region may be associated secondarily to surgical processes, such as partial vulvectomies, episiotomies of labor, or vulvar tears due to trauma.
Hidradenitis suppurativa HS [ 12 ] is an uncommon skin condition that affects the vulva and other parts of the skin. Chronic inflammatory diseases of apocrine sebaceous glands are subsequently infected by bacteria such as Proteus, Escherichia coli , Klebsiella , Pseudomonas , Streptococcus , or Staphylococcus. Initially, they are subcutaneous nodules that evolve occasionally to the formation of abscess due to bacterial superinfection and rupture. It can affect the skin of the vulvar region and fistulize later. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent HS from worsening. The Bartholin glands are located under the skin on either side of the opening of the vagina.
Generally, the germs that produce the infection are mixed bacterial flora. Generally, in the acute process with surgical drainage with marsupialization of the gland or spontaneous drainage is sufficient associated with the use of oral antibiotics cephalosporins, amoxicillin, and doxycycline. It is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the mildly contagious Treponema pallidum.
The initial lesion is called primary syphilis. It is defined as the primary chancre being the inoculation site of the treponema, and after a macula appear initial papules that end in an indurated and painless ulcer, this ulcer is usually accompanied by an inguinal adenopathy. The initial lesion may appear on the vulva, vagina, or cervix. It can be kept up to 2—8 weeks and then cure spontaneously.
Secondary syphilis can manifest at 6 weeks or 6 months later by hematopoietic dissemination of the treponema. Tertiary syphilis occurs in cases that have not been treated.
Vulvar and vaginal cancers
After a few years after the first infection, it is characterized because it has no characteristic vulvar lesions. The treatment in any stage is with benzathine penicillin G injected into a muscle 2. In tertiary syphilis, we should use benzathine penicillin G intravenous. Sexually transmitted disease is caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. After a period of incubation of 5—7 days, lesions develop in the vulvar area, clitoris, or lips. With multiple painful papules surrounded by erythema, these lesions end up overinfecting and end up ulcerating. The chancre is soft superficial and surrounded inflammatory erythema with necrotic background.
The diagnosis is made by staining gram. The treatment is a single dose of azithromycin or ceftriaxone. Lymphogranuloma venereum is an uncommon sexually transmitted disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. It is rare in industrialized countries. It is characterized by a painless ulcerated lesion in the vulvar or vulva fork, which at 15 days is associated with multiple and acute regional lymphadenitis.
In vulvar lesions, the most affected nodes are the obturators. It is the most frequent vulvar infection and is usually associated with vulvovaginitis. Produced by candida fungus, saprophytic fungus is usually found in the genital and intestinal tract. Other less frequent but more resistant to treatment candida may be Candida krusei , Candida glabrata , or Candida tropicalis.
The clinic is variable and more in vulvar involvement, it may be asymptomatic, or produce pruritus attempt with erythema and vulvar edema. If accompanied by vaginitis, there will also be whitish leucorrhoea. In advanced cases, we can see papules and pustules with ulcerations and fissures. Treatment is with local or systemic imidazoles. Dermatophytosis tinea infections are fungal infections caused by dermatophytes—a group of fungi that invade and grow in dead keratin.
Several species commonly invade human keratin, and these belong to the epidermophyton, microsporum, and trichophyton genera. The treatment is with antifungals agents, either topically or systemically through the blood. It is an infection produced by the Sarcoptes scabiei or the itching mite that is a parasitic arthropod that penetrates the skin and causes scabies. Lesions are considered to be a skin hypersensitivity reaction to the parasite.
1. Introduction
The lesions are lines or grooves that have a small papule at the end. It is very pruriginous and is accompanied by scratching injuries. The diagnosis is made by visualizing the parasite in lesions. Pediculosis pubis is a human ectoparasitosis caused by Phthirus pubis , this is generally consider of sexual transmission and variable percentages is associated with other diseases of this kind. It is an infection caused by lice, P.
Pediculosis is a very contagious sexually transmitted disease. The parasite can survive up to 24 hours outside the host. The primary clinic is pruritus, and as a consequence, the visible lesions are scratch lesions. It is an infection produced by a Poxvirus. The transmission is by direct contact and it is frequent in children. In adults, it can be considered sexually transmitted by contact.
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Its prevalence has been increasing in recent years. Transmission may be by direct contact with ulcerated lesions or by relation to an asymptomatic person. Vulvar lesions are vesicles in a different location with ulcers and erythema around them, characterized by being very painful. If it affects the urethra, it can lead to dysuria. The diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by viral culture.
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Papillomaviruses are a large and diverse group of viruses. Human papilloma viruses HPV are etiologic agents during various benign and malignant lesions of mucous membrane and skin epithelium. HPV is transmitted through contact with infected skin or mucosa. Very importantly, persistent HPV infection of certain types is a leading cause of carcinoma of uterine cervix, penis, vulva, vagina, anal canal, and fauces including tongue base and tonsils.
Principle characteristics and clinical manifestations of papillomavirus infection are examined as follows:. HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world. Condylomata are relatively common. Reported prevalence rates based upon reviews of administrative databases or medical charts and prospective physician reports ranged from 0.
Condylomata acuminate CA is the most common in young adults [ 15 ]. Sexual activity is the primary risk factor for anogenital human papillomavirus HPV infection. Once acquired, HPV infection can enter a latent phase without signs or symptoms. However, only a small proportion of patients infected by this virus will express the disease. Nevertheless, this dermatitis remains one of the most prevalent of sexually transmitted diseases and poses problems in its management.
As examples, condylomata in patients with human immunodeficiency virus HIV infection, receiving immunosuppressive therapy, or with diabetes [ 16 ] can be challenging to treat. Smoking has been associated with increased risk for condylomata. HPV may infect any part of the vulva, but initial changes most often appear on the areas traumatized during sexual intercourse.
External anogenital warts are typically found on the vulva and groin. They often extend to the lower vagina, and sometimes the entire vagina is affected. During the examination, acetic acid is applied and the field is colposcopically examined. In most cases, clinicians familiar with the clinical manifestations of CA can diagnose CA based upon the physical examination.
Findings that suggest CA are single or multiple soft, smooth, or papillated papules or plaques are limited to the anogenital area.