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Table of contents

For over sixty years, The Oxford Classical Dictionary has been the unrivalled one-volume reference in the field of classics. Now completely revised and updated to include the very latest research findings, developments, and publications, this highly acclaimed reference work will be the most up-to-date and comprehensive dictionary available on all aspects of the classical era. In over 6, entries written by the very best of classical scholars from around the world, the Dictionary provides coverage of Greek and Roman history, literature, myth, religion, linguistics, philosophy, law, science, art, archaeology, near eastern studies, and late antiquity.

New entries supplement the existing material, including entries on topics such as Adrasteia, Latin anthologies, Jewish art, ancient religious beliefs, emotions, film, gender, kinship, and many more. Other specific developments include an added focus on two new areas: 'anthropology ' and 'reception'. All entries are written in an accessible style and all Latin and Greek words have been translated to ensure ease of use. Under the editorship of Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, and Esther Eidinow, a huge range of contributors have revised and updated the text, which has made an already outstanding work even better.

Gebretsadik - LibraryThing This an amazing reference work, it has articles on everything in the ancient world, I will use this source for years Baca ulasan lengkap. He estimates that another 2, objects still need cataloging. Most will remain safely underwater, Egyptian officials say. Franck Goddio is an urbane diver who travels the world examining shipwrecks, from a French slave ship to a Spanish galleon.

In , Goddio and his team located the remains of a monumental structure, feet long and feet wide, as well as a finger from a bronze statue that Goddio estimates would have stood 13 feet tall. Perhaps most significant, he has found that much of ancient Alexandria sank beneath the waves and remains remarkably intact.

The new maps reveal foundations of wharves, storehouses and temples as well as the royal palaces that formed the core of the city, now buried under Alexandrian sand. Radiocarbon dating of wooden planks and other excavated material shows evidence of human activity from the fourth century B. At a recent meeting of scholars at Oxford University, the detailed topographical map Goddio projected of the harbor floor drew gasps.

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But how had the city sunk? He determined that the edge of the ancient city had slid into the sea over the course of centuries because of a deadly combination of earthquakes, a tsunami and slow subsidence. On August 21, in A. Townspeople wandered into the weirdly emptied space. That disaster, which may have killed 50, people in Alexandria alone, ushered in a two-century period of seismic activity and rising sea levels that radically altered the Egyptian coastline.


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Ongoing investigation of sediment cores, conducted by Stanley and his colleagues, has shed new light on the chronology of human settlement here. Shortly after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, in A. Christian mobs played some part in the destruction of the Library of Alexandria; the exact causes and dates of assaults on the library are still hotly disputed.

And in A. This is not the site of the Mouseion but a later institution unknown until now. One warm November day, Grzegorz Majcherek, of Warsaw University, directs a power shovel that is expanding an earthen ramp into a pit. Its survival is the product of happenstance. During the past dozen years, Majcherek has been uncovering Roman villas, complete with colorful mosaics, which offer the first glimpses into everyday, private life in ancient Alexandria.

As the shovel bites into the crumbly soil, showering the air with fine dust, Majcherek points out a row of rectangular halls. Each has a separate entrance into the street and horseshoe-shaped stone bleachers. The neat rows of rooms lie on a portico between the Greek theater and the Roman baths.

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Majcherek estimates that the halls, which he and his team have excavated in the past few years, were built about A. Texts in other archives show that professors were paid with public money and were forbidden to teach on their own except on their day off. And they also show that the Christian administration tolerated pagan philosophers—at least once Christianity was clearly dominant. But the complex in Alexandria provides the first glimpse of what would become the modern university, a place set aside solely for learning.

Though similarly impressive structures may have existed in that era in Antioch, Constantinople, Beirut or Rome, they were destroyed or have yet to be discovered. The complex may have played a role in keeping the Alexandrian tradition of learning alive.


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  4. Majcherek speculates that the lecture halls drew refugees from the Athens Academy, which closed in A. Arab forces under the new banner of Islam took control of the city a century later, and there is evidence that the halls were used after the takeover.


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    4. But within a few decades, a brain drain began. Money and power shifted to the east. Welcomed in Damascus and Baghdad by the ruling caliphs, many Alexandrian scholars moved to cities where new prosperity and a reverence for the classics kept Greek learning alive. That scholarly flame, so bright for a millennium in Alexandria, burned in the East until medieval Europe began to draw on the knowledge of the ancients. The recent spate of finds would no doubt embarrass Hogarth, who at the end of the 19th century dug close to the lecture-hall site—just not deep enough.

      But mysteries remain. Passing a new gaudy high-rise, Empereur cannot conceal his disdain. He says that the developer, fearful that striking archaeological treasures would delay construction, used his political connections to avoid salvage excavations.

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      For two years, Empereur examined an extensive necropolis, or burial ground, until the ancient catacombs were demolished to make way for a thoroughfare. What a shame, he says, that the ruins were not preserved, if only as a tourist attraction, with admission fees supporting the research work. The dusty Greco-Roman Museum is getting a much-needed overhaul, and a museum to display early mosaics is in the works. A sparkling new library and spruced-up parks give parts of the city a prosperous air.

      Yet even on a sunny day along the curving seaside corniche, there is a melancholy atmosphere. Continue or Give a Gift. Privacy Policy , Terms of Use Sign up. SmartNews History. History Archaeology. Researchers think Naia and the animals likely fell to their deaths 12, to 13, years ago, before the pit filled with water when the world's glaciers started melting. The discovery, which was reported in May in the journal Science, could help solve the long-standing debate over the identity of the first Americans. The paralyzing political situation in Syria has become somewhat of a test for satellite archaeology.

      Shut out of the war-torn country, archaeologists have turned to aerial images to learn about the state of Syria's ancient ruins. So far, their findings have been grim. State Department to fund a Syrian Heritage Initiative for a year. At the organization's annual meeting last month in San Diego, researchers with the initiative reported that 63 of the archaeological sites they analyzed exhibited war-related looting.

      This story might be more of an "undiscovery. The text contained references to a "Mary" and the translated line, "Jesus said to them, 'My wife, she will be able to be my disciple. Biblical scholars had aired their suspicions about the authenticity of the so-called "Gospel of Jesus' Wife" because of problematic features, such as bad handwriting and grammatical errors. And earlier this year, a Live Science investigation revealed that the papyrus has a flimsy provenance. The anonymous owner of the papyrus claims to have purchased the document from a now-deceased man whose family said he never collected antiquities.

      The text is looking more and more like a forgery. The world's oldest known cheese was found this year, tucked away on the bodies of 3,year-old mummies in northwest China's Taklamakan Desert.

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      Scholars had previously uncovered archaeological clues suggesting that cheese making began as early as the sixth millennium B. Archaeologists found clumps of a yellowish substance on the chests and necks of mummies during recent excavations in China's Xiaohe Cemetery. A chemical analysis showed that these blobs were really cheese.

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      These dairy treats would have been nutritious, easily digestible and quite similar to yogurtlike kefir, according to the study in the Journal of Archaeological Science.