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Early in the years , George, the author of the 'Letters to my Beloved Ghost," received a letter from the daughter of Hedi, his deceased girl friend of over a half​.
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Your death has left a giant hole in my heart that nothing else seems to fill, no matter how hard I try. My dearest Erik, why did you not keep your promise to me?

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Still, it was a disappointment. I do appreciate that he gave me back your ring to keep, though. It gives me something tangible to remember you by, for when my voice fades into insignificance. Rest in peace, my friend. With love, Your Christine. An Wallace has loved the story of The Phantom of the Opera ever since she stole her brother's copy as a teenager and read the whole thing in one night.

While living in Europe she visited le Palais Garnier, where Leroux's novel was set. She chose Halle, and together they had two sons and a daughter.

2. General thoughts about the significance of numbers in Beloved

Sethe was pregnant with a fourth child, Denver, when the family made its escape from Sweet Home. Sethe and Halle were separated during their escape, however, and neither Paul D nor Sethe knows what happened to Halle. Seeing her mother flirting and talking about Sweet Home with Paul D makes Denver feel lonely and excluded. She reacts with surly jealousy and dissolves into tears at the dinner table one evening. She cries that she cannot stay in the house because the community knows it to be haunted.

Consequently, everyone avoids Denver and she has no friends. Later, Sethe explains that she was whipped before she ran from Sweet Home to meet Baby Suggs and her children, whom she had sent ahead, in Cincinnati.


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The white girl who helped deliver Denver said the resulting scars looked like a chokecherry tree. Paul D comes up behind her and pulls down the top of her dress. He cradles her breasts in his hands while he kisses each line of her scars. The house immediately begins to lurch and shake as the ghost vents its rage. Paul D shouts and fights with the ghost, chasing it away. That if they could not see it, they would not have it. Love it. Love it hard […]. You got to love it, you!

Beloved Summary and Analysis of Part One, Chapters 1-4

Despite these seemingly unchristian commands, the meetings are part of black Christian church life in the winter, and Baby Suggs is clearly connected to Christian imagery: Even though she distances herself from Matthew "Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth" , Baby Suggs's words nevertheless evoke the Sermon on the Mount and suggest a connection between Baby Suggs and Jesus; the rock she chooses as a pulpit reminds the reader of the "rock" and founder of the Christian church, Saint Peter; the staff she puts down once she is ready to preach is reminiscent of the staff Moses used to lead the Israelites and to divide the Red Sea; and her invitation to "let the children come" clearly alludes to Jesus's famous call: "[s]uffer little children, and forbid them not, to come unto me; for of such is the kingdom of heaven" Matt.

Ryan Morrison's religious blends are one example of her stylistic combination of different cultural cosmologies—her combination of oral and written traditions are another. Her narratives are thus not novels that pretend to be oral texts but rather novels that incorporate elements of orality. They are, as Edward Dauterich puts it, a hybrid form of expression, which actively uses the combination of different traditions to create something new and distinctively African American cf.

The idea that the space between two cultures can be a zone of innovation has been a popular topic of critical debate in the last two decades. Homi Bhabha, for instance, calls the zone in between two cultures Third Space and claims that this zone "gives rise to something different, something new and unrecognisable, a new area of negotiation of meaning and representation" Bhabha, "Space" This Third Space , "though unrepresentable in itself, […] constitutes the discursive conditions of enunciation that ensure that the meaning and symbols of culture have no primordial unity or fixity; that even the same signs can be appropriated, translated, rehistoricized and read anew" Location There is an exhilaration in being a participant in the further evolution of humankind, […] dormant areas of consciousness are being activated, awakened" Hatred, anger and exploitation are the prominent features of this landscape" Nevertheless, these critics see those traditionally located at the margins of a society—members of ethnic minority cultures—at the center of societal innovation since they can combine, negotiate, and redefine different cultural, social, and linguistic perspectives.

Toni Morrison expresses similar ideas in her narratives. Her novels are neither African nor American but African American , and this African Americaness expresses itself in plot elements, images, intertextual references, and in stylistic devices such as the combination of oral and written features. As a result, Beloved is not a novel that pretends to be an oral story, and it is certainly not a magic trick that depends on the illusion of orality, but Morrison combines orality and literacy to create something new and distinctively black.

The effect of this combination goes beyond aesthetic play and fulfills several functions at once: On the plot level, oral elements such as patterns of call and response and a plurality of voices help to establish a fictional community, which is necessary to initiate both individual and communal healing. As Morrison explains,. The healing process that Morrison describes here depends on the spoken word because only oral exchanges are truly participatory, polylogic, and additive cf.

In addition, an oral text is transient; it can be shared in the protected circle of the community, but at the same time and in contrast to a written text , an oral story ceases to exist once the speaker s fall s silent. This transient quality of oral texts plays an important role in Morrison's Beloved , because forgetting is a necessary skill in the novel's fictional world: the ghost of the past—Beloved—needs to be exorcized if the characters want to live.

Beloved's story is, thus, "not a story to pass on" as only those who can leave their traumatic past behind have the chance of a future. On a metanarrative level, however, Morrison makes clear that Beloved's story—the story of slavery—also must not be forgotten. Slavery is, as Morrison argues in an interview with Bonnie Angelo, part of a "national amnesia" "Pain" , and to remember its victims was one of Morrison's primary concerns when she wrote the novel:. Paying attention to the forgotten and neglected—calling "her beloved, which was not beloved," as Morrison puts it in the epigraph of her novel— Beloved becomes a literary memorial for those who have suffered from slavery and its consequences.

Beyond the characters' fictional world, Beloved's story is thus a story that must not be passed on in the sense that the book tells a story that must not be ignored cf. To fathom Morrison's novel, one has to detect both the written text and the oral story. Rather than reading the novel as simulated orality which "must break down as the reader puts down the book and the words on the page collapse back into bare letters" Bergthaller , I would suggest reading the narrative as a text that tries to be oral and written at the same time.

The constant interplay of these two different expressive levels—its hybrid nature—significantly contributes to the novel's multidimensional structure, but it is also an expression of Morrison's status as an African American writer.

“The love of a ghost for a ghost”: T.S. Eliot on his letters to Emily Hale | Houghton Library Blog

Despite slavery and despite everything that has happened, Morrison suggests, a black existence in the United States is not only possible but also profitable because it entails a form of cultural agency which monocultural traditions lack. The cultural power inherent in the African American tradition is strong enough to both remember and forget the ghost of the past and thus the basis for a promising future.

San Francisco: Aunt Lute, Bakhtin, Mikhail M. Michael Holquist; trans.

Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: U of Texas P, Bergthaller, Hannes. Bhabha, Homi K. Jonathan Rutherford. Griesinger, Emily. Hall, Cheryl. Handley, William R.

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  • Stein & Frank: The Battle of the Undead People Eaters.
  • The Significance of numbers in "Beloved".
  • Shelley's Ghost.
  • An open letter to my beloved church.
  • Thoughts of Being.
  • Letters to Erik by An Wallace, published by Outskirts Press.
  • New York: Routledge, Heidelberg: Winter, Ippolito, Emilia. Jahn, Janheinz. Marjorie Grene. London: Faber and Faber, Krumholz, Linda. LaCapra, Dominick. Writing Trauma, Writing History. Morrison, Toni. Toni Morrison: Conversations. Carolyn C.