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This mating ritual is set to the tides, with hatching timed to the arrival of the peak high tide every two weeks. But the ultimate force choreographing this dance is the moon. Yet the moon also influences life with its light. See all the articles, plus our coverage of Apollo 11, here. For people living in cities ablaze with artificial lights, it can be hard to imagine how dramatically moonlight can change the nocturnal landscape.
Out in the wild, far from any artificial light, the difference between a full moon and a new moon when the moon appears invisible to us can be the difference between being able to walk outside without a flashlight and not being able to see the hand in front of your face. And animals respond.
Several recently discovered examples reveal how lunar light influences lion prey behavior, dung beetle navigation, fish growth, mass migrations and even birdsong. Lions of the Serengeti in Tanzania are night stalkers. Volunteers with the citizen science project Snapshot Serengeti analyzed thousands of images of these animals.
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Lions hunt top most successfully during the darkest nights of the lunar month. The larger African buffalo bottom , another lion prey, tend to form herds, maybe for safety in numbers. The prey — wildebeests, zebras, gazelles and buffalo — are all plant eaters that need to frequently forage to meet their food needs, even throughout the riskier nighttime. Common wildebeests Connochaetes taurinus , which make up a third of the lion diet, were the most attuned to the lunar cycle.
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But as nights got darker, the buffalo were more likely to form herds. Grazing in groups might offer safety in numbers.
But unlike the other prey, these animals reacted more directly to changing light levels across the evening, Palmer says. Gazelles were more active after the moon had come up.
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That may seem like risky behavior, but being unpredictable could be a zebra defense strategy to keep lions guessing, she says. These scenarios playing out in the Serengeti really demonstrate the wide-reaching effects of moonlight, Dominoni says.
For nocturnal dung beetles, moonlight is a compass. How well the insects navigate depends on the phases of the moon. In South African grasslands, a dung pat is like an oasis, providing scarce nutrients and water that draw a crowd of dung beetles. The beetle then buries the ball and itself in the ground. The most efficient getaway is a straight line to a suitable burial spot, often many meters away, says James Foster, a vision scientist at Lund University in Sweden.
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Some lunar light scatters off gas molecules in the atmosphere and becomes polarized — meaning the light waves tend to vibrate in the same plane. But beetles may use this sky pattern to orient themselves, inferring where the moon is without even having to see the orb directly.
In recent field tests, Foster and colleagues evaluated the strength of the polarization signal in the night sky over dung beetle territory. As the moon gets darker across the lunar cycle, the signal weakens. By the crescent moon, beetles have trouble staying on course , the researchers reported in January in the Journal of Experimental Biology. Polarized light during this lunar phase may be at the limit of what the dung harvesters can detect.
At this threshold, light pollution could become a problem, as artificial light interferes with patterns of polarized moonlight, Foster says. The giant fish, which help keep coral reefs healthy, have declined due to their popularity as seafood. Love the beach? You can thank the bumphead parrotfish, Bolbometopon muricatum, a wide-ranging species that eats massive amounts of coral and, well, poops it out as that luxurious, toe-wriggle-worthy sand.
The predators' constant pruning keeps reefs from getting overcrowded and prevents the growth of weedy, invasive corals that can smother it. Now, in an effort to help save these valuable fish, a study has unveiled the giants' unusual mating habits—such as head-butting over territory.
Despite its crucial role in keeping coral reefs healthy—and beachgoers happy—the greenish-blue predator is in trouble, in part because it's also a popular dinner entree. In all of the regions where its Pacific and Indian Ocean habitat overlaps with human activities, the pound kilogram parrotfish—the world's largest—has been devastated by overfishing. Not only is it considered good eating, the animal's habit of sleeping in large, shallow-water schools makes it an easy target for fishermen.
As a result, the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the bumphead parrotfish as vulnerable to extinction.
Mating Moon
But the fish with the funny forehead has found a few coral oases where humans don't reach, including parts of the Great Barrier Reef and Wake Atoll map , a remote U. See pictures of protected ocean areas in the U. To find out more about bumphead parrotfish—and how to protect them—a team of scientists recently ventured to Wake Atoll, a ring of ancient reefs, where they conducted the most comprehensive study yet of the species.
Watch video: "Moon Why then? His team also confirmed a theory that the fish mate in what's called a lek system: The males station themselves in small, defined territories on the ocean bottom, bobbing in the current as they wait for schools of between ten and over a hundred females to arrive. When the female decides she likes a male, she approaches him and turns her face white, upon which the male joins her near the surface. The two touch flanks briefly before she releases her eggs and the male fertilizes them.
The fish then go their separate ways. Unexpectedly, the scientists also witnessed larger males vigorously defending their territories by bashing together their formidable domes. Perhaps among the most valuable findings was that the fish were faithful to their spawning locations at Wake Atoll, returning time and time again to the same place to mate. What's more, all of the action happens in a relatively small area: about 1. See National Geographic's coral reef pictures. Knowing where fish mate—and how big the area is—is crucial data for conservationists.
Bellwood agreed that "we have to take heed of these observations and incorporate them into our management plans.