Guide Shadow Threat (Book II of the Extension 1788 Series 2)

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Play later. Manage episode series By Audioboom and John Batchelor. Discovered by Player FM and our community — copyright is owned by the publisher, not Player FM, and audio is streamed directly from their servers. Image: Anti-counterfeiting features on an old U.

Jacobitism

Public domain. In Moneymakers , Ben Tarnoff chronicles the lives of three colorful counterfeiters who flourished in early America, shedding fresh light on the country's financial coming of age. The speculative ethos that pervades Wall Street today, Tarnoff suggests, has its origins in the craft of counterfeiters who first took advantage of a turbulent American economy. Few nations have as rich a counterfeiting history as the United States.

Since the colonies suffered from a chronic shortage of precious metals, they were the first place in the Western world to use easily forged paper bills. Until the national currency was standardized in the last half of the nineteenth century, the United States had a dizzying variety of banknotes, making early America a counterfeiter's paradise. In Moneymakers , Tarnoff recounts how three of America's most successful counterfeiters—Owen Sullivan, David Lewis, and Samuel Upham—each cunningly manipulated the political and economic realities of his day, driven by a desire for fortune and fame.

The Irish immigrant Owen Sullivan c. The handsome David Lewis became an outlaw hero in backwoods Pennsylvania, infamous for his audacious jailbreaks and admired as a Robin Hood figure who railed against Eastern financial elites. The shopkeeper Samuel Upham sold fake Confederate bills to his fellow Philadelphians during the Civil War as "mementos of the rebellion," enraging Southern leaders when Union soldiers flooded their markets with the forgeries.

Through the tales of these three memorable counterfeiters, Moneymakers spins the larger story of America's financial ups and downs during its infancy and adolescence, tracing its evolution from a patchwork of colonies to a powerful nation with a single currency. It was only toward the end of the Civil War that a strengthened federal government created the Secret Service to police counterfeiting, finally bringing this quintessentially American pursuit to an end. But as Tarnoff suggests in his highly original financial history, the legacy of early American counterfeiters lives on in the get-rich-quick culture we see on Wall Street today.

Welcome to Player FM! Take it with you. Guides you to smart, interesting podcasts based on category, channel, or even specific topics.

Looking for a high-quality podcasts app on Android? Player FM might just be it. Brilliantly useful, fantastically intuitive, beautiful UI. Developers constantly update and improve. Easy and intuitive to use. New features frequently added. Just what you need. Not what you don't. Programmer gives this app a lot of love and attention and it shows. It's also a great way to discover new podcasts. So easy to find shows to follow. Six stars for Chromecast support. The Jeffersonians, or Republicans, preferred to keep government small, local, and responsive.

Federalists and Republicans agreed upon ends but differed about means. The New Government. The political figures who assumed office under the new Constitution had varying ideas of how the government should work. Some wanted a strong chief executive to keep order, while others saw the president as merely enforcing the will of Congress. Most political figures were nervous about too much democracy, fearing something like mob rule.

The Senate, elected by the state legislatures, was seen as a balance against the excessive democracy of the House, to thwart, when necessary, the will of the people. Thus the new government was an experiment, and no one could be sure how it was going to turn out, or indeed, if it was even going to succeed. In our time we take in for granted that it had to have worked, but the s were a perrilous time, perhaps the most politically divisive decade in American history.

Even the revered George Washington did not escape the political vitriol that often spilled out. In the s, the American people met the challenge of self-government.

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When they discovered that it was dangerous to give themselves too much power, they created governments regulated by a system of checks and balances that protected the people from themselves. The ratification of the Constitution closed an era of protest, revolution, and political experimentation. The future seemed to belong to the free people of a strong nation. The American people had won their sovereignty and accepted the resulting responsibility, and created a new, stronger government based on the Constitution. Yet no one really knew whether this republican experiment would work.

The anti-Federalists lost the ratification battle, but because of them the nationalists had to promise to add a bill of rights to the Constitution. By , the first ten amendments had been added. To overcome those objections, the Federalists agreed to add the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Matters of protocol had to be decided, such as the proper terms of address for the President. We smile at such things, but they point out the experimental nature of this new government. That new government had very little bureaucracy—the State Department consisted of Secretary of State Jefferson and a couple of clerks.

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Because America had been governed by congresses or assemblies since , that branch probably had the easiest time finding its way. Its first major act was to create a federal court system, which was accomplished by the Judiciary Act of Ratification was possible in part because the conventions attached to their acceptance of the document suggestions for the amendments that became the Bill of Rights. Thus one of the first orders of business in the First Congress was the adding of the Bill of Rights, a task ably managed by James Madison. From more than two hundred proposals submitted by the state conventions, Madison narrowed the list to seventeen.

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There was much duplication on the suggested amendments. One more amendment, a historical oddity, languished unratified for almost two hundred years until a graduate student in history discovered that it was still technically alive. That student raised the issue with the states that had not ratified the forgotten amendment, and it was finally declared ratified in , years after being passed by Congress. It is now the 27th Amendment.

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It reads:. No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. It is interesting that in that very skeptical age that amendment did not get ratified quickly enough to keep pace with the addition of new states.

The wheels of government sometimes turn v-e-r-y slowly! George Washington as President: Setting the Tone.

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Washington was unanimously elected president in and thus began his third and final labor in the creation of the United States, and—given the temper of the times—it is fortunate that a man of his character and reputation occupied that office for the first eight years under the Constitution. Even he did not escape the political turmoil, and had to be encouraged to serve a second term lest the government fall apart without his firm hand to guide it.

Washinton really wanted to serve only one term; he missed his home at Mount Vernon and his life as a prosperous gentleman farmer. But by the end of Washington's first term, politics had already become bitter enough that Hamilton urged him to stay, arguing that without his firm hand at the helm, the ship of state might well founder upon the shoals of partisan bickering. Reluctantly, Washington agreed, but to a certain extent lived to regret his decision. In his second term politics continued to become more sharply focused, and even Washington himself was not above the slings and arrows of his partisan opponents.

He learned how to play politics, however, as when he withheld the Jay Treaty from the Senate until the time was ripe for its likely approval. Hamilton remained close to him, but Jefferson, his Secretary of State, drifted away, and by the end of Washington's second term Washington and Jefferson were no longer on speaking terms, a sad situation that continued to the end of Washington's life. At the end of his second term Washington did retire, leaving his famous farewell address as a guidepost for the future of the nation he had served so well.

During his brief retirement Mount Vernon became something of a mecca for people interested in and admirers of the new American Republic. Visitors came in droves from far and near, and were greeted with warm hospitality, although Washington himself kept his traditional aloofness from all but his very closest friends.

2. Practical reason: morality and the primacy of pure practical reason

His retirement lasted less than three years, for he was struck down after becoming chilled while riding during a winter storm; he died on December 14, Note: An excellent recent biography of Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow covers Hamilton's financial ideas in great detail. Hamilton can truly be called the father of American capitalism. Whether ones approves of the capitalist system or not, it was still a great achievement by that most controversial of the founding fathers.

His achievement as first Secretary of the Treasury was to create a stable and sound federal financial system, without which the economic development of America would have been severaly hampered. In addition to telling about Hamilton, Chernow's book also reveals much about the difficulties of creating a stable dxemocratic government in the aftermath of a violent revolution, a topic a special relevance in today's world. Alexander Hamilton was born in the West Indies, had questionable parentage, but through benefactors made his way to America.

He eventually married well, became an officer in Washington's army and was a valued military thinker. He was an active delegate from New York at the Convention and was the only signer from that state. During ratification he authored several of the Federalist Papers, aimed at leaders in his own state who were opposed to the Constitution. That state ratified by a vote of , and it is safe to say that Hamilton was indispensable in that narrow victory.

Washington named his former lieutenant to the post of Secretary of the Treasury, a post from which he managed to get the country under its new Constitution off on a sound financial basis.