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Its role is recognized formally in target of the Sustainable Identification is also an enabler of many other development targets, from It is essential to realize political and social rights and to participate in a modern economy. by a number of powerful factors related to security, development and new.
Table of contents
- Learning Objectives
- leondumoulin.nl: Computer Security
- Before you begin: Protect privileged accounts with MFA
- Digital identity trends – 5 forces that are shaping 2020
In practice, requests from government departments and state agencies relating to less serious matters were often granted. Disclosure was powerfully shaped by the culture of discretion that marks the British civil service, and was, of course, entirely free of constraint by data protection laws. In general, the second identity card system illustrates the phenomenon of 'function creep', where seemingly insignificant further uses are incrementally added until, eventually, the pattern of disclosure and use of personal information is markedly different from that originally declared.
Once a universal register was in place, there was a seemingly compelling bureaucratic case for using the information. The most profound difference between historical identity cards and contemporary proposals is technological.
Learning Objectives
A smart card holding biometric data iris scans, fingerprints and so on seems a world away from folded stiff paper. However, the simplicity of the second identity card was crucial to its operation. To be precise: it was the contrast between the limited amount of information held on a personal card and the greater amount held on the registers that permitted the operation of the 'checking' system, the aspect of the second national register that its architect, Vivian, was most proud of. When presented with a dubious card an official could interrogate the bearer, asking for a date of birth.
Since the date of birth was not on the card, the bearer would have either to guess or have somehow found out the correct information. In general, this check was a quick, efficient means of deducing whether the bearer of the card was indeed whom the card indicated. The advantage of the card's simplicity was such that Vivian resisted proposals to make the card more complex, for example by adding a photograph.
There are two features relevant to contemporary debate, relating to power and trust. First, as the operation of the second card amply demonstrates, the power of the system lies in the weight of distribution of information across the system: placing all the information on the card would leave the citizen in almost full control over its application, while keeping the card simple compared to the state's register shifts the balance of power away from the citizen.
Second, a technologically-sophisticated card is more likely to be accepted on trust than a very simple card. But since the unfakeable card is unlikely ever to exist, this very trust is problematic: the people and organisations with the means and will to corrupt a biometric card are precisely the people and organisations it would be most dangerous to trust.
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Vivian's model, of simple cards and the checking system is a valid alternative. Many continental European countries have had a long, continuous experience of identity cards. This history was the main reason why both British identity cards were debated in frames shaped by notions of national identity. Even the civil servants administering the first card system described it as a 'Prussianising' institution. Churchill, in a Commons debate on 3rd September , regretted the trespass made on 'our dearly valued traditional liberties', and looked 'forward to the day, when our liberties and rights will be restored to us, and when we shall be able to share them with the peoples to whom such blessings are unknown'.
Public commentators were rarely shy in pointing out how the card conflicted with ideas of what in meant to be British. While debates over contemporary proposals are often introduced with the observation that identity cards exist in many countries, they are not structured, to anything like the degree found in the historical cases, by a sustained opposition of 'British' and 'un-British'. The reasons for this shift are as yet undetermined. One factor may well be the cosmopolitanisation of British society, not least increased travel to the continent building familiarity with card-carrying cultures.
One final difference between the second card and contemporary proposals is the recent assumption that the broad nature of political society is not going to change radically. This assumption could not have been made in , say. Indeed, a very rare direct reflection of this state of affairs can found in the value for money review. In weighing up the pros and cons of the National Register, the unnamed civil servant considered what he or she called the 'totalitarian" argument': 'while it is true that if this country went communist or fascist the National Register would prove a very handy means of finding any individual whom the authorities did not like, its uses in throwing up classes of individuals would be much more limited.
The National Register cannot pick out the Jews or the bourgeoisie or the Roman Catholic priests or the agents or members of any political party. All it can pick out is aliens, without distinction of nationality, and persons of a particular sex and age, and persons who had a particular occupation'.
I think it is fair to say that Home Office discussions about the identity card do not begin 'if this country went communist or fascist The Daily Express was entirely correct to note in March the creation of a 'new underworld industry of faking, stealing and selling identity cards'.
leondumoulin.nl: Computer Security
Recent research has uncovered a number of specific cases, which illustrate the diverse and often unpredictable unofficial uses of identity cards. The cards were relatively easy to fake One case, for example,. Concentric circles are made in indelible pencil with a penny and a sixpence. In the space between the circumference the desired wording is inserted backwards. The paper is then wetted, and pressed hard on the official document.
If the letters are written by a good draughtsman the impression left is surprisingly effective. T obtained possession of X's Identity Card and used it to travel the country giving non-existent addresses or addresses of bombed-out buildings. At nearly every district he visited he perpetrated some fraud either on public assistance or on some private person. Our own procedure proved useless to trace the man, since he had always moved on before the police for his last area of operations could be informed, and the address was in any event fictitious.
He was finally caught by the operation of the Assistance Board black list when he appeared at their Fulham office, and was sentenced to two years' imprisonment. But there were also many unusual, unexpected cases that demonstrate that cards could become involved in complex constructions of personal identity. For example:.
Before you begin: Protect privileged accounts with MFA
An alert clerk recognised him on the second occasion. When interviewed by the police R. It was only after the lengthiest cross-examination conducted by the interviewing constable with high forensic ability that it emerged that F was fictitious and R had entered himself twice on the same schedule under different names.
R emerges either as schizophrenic or a liar ranking in intelligence and noble inventiveness with Munchausen. Moreover, he had the last word. To the policeman's culminating question 'Does then such a man exist as F.? Cards were used to create proof of extra children, to claim extra ration books, to allow deserters to pass undetected, to make fraudulent assistance claims, and to enable people to serve in the armed services underage.
In the first half of , there were prosecutions under the National Registration Act for false declaration, for impersonation, acts of falsification or forgery, 61 for allowing others to use another's card and thefts. These figures, of course, only record cases of successful prosecution and just give an idea of the bare minimum of identity card criminality.
There was only one case of a spy being nearly caught through the card checks - and Vivian 'in the course of his contacts with officers of the Security Service However, they have several drawbacks. The primary drawback is that each information resource is managed separately, so if a security administrator wanted to add or remove a user to a large set of information resources, it would be quite difficult. And as the number of users and resources increase, ACLs become harder to maintain. This has led to an improved method of access control, called role-based access control, or RBAC.
With RBAC, instead of giving specific users access rights to an information resource, users are assigned to roles and then those roles are assigned the access.
This allows the administrators to manage users and roles separately, simplifying administration and, by extension, improving security. Many times, an organization needs to transmit information over the Internet or transfer it on external media such as a CD or flash drive. In these cases, even with proper authentication and access control, it is possible for an unauthorized person to get access to the data.
Encryption is a process of encoding data upon its transmission or storage so that only authorized individuals can read it. In order for this to work, the sender and receiver need to agree on the method of encoding so that both parties can communicate properly. This is called symmetric key encryption. This type of encryption is problematic because the key is available in two different places. An alternative to symmetric key encryption is public key encryption.
In public key encryption, two keys are used: a public key and a private key. To send an encrypted message, you obtain the public key, encode the message, and send it.
Digital identity trends – 5 forces that are shaping 2020
The recipient then uses the private key to decode it. The public key can be given to anyone who wishes to send the recipient a message. Each user simply needs one private key and one public key in order to secure messages. The private key is necessary in order to decrypt something sent with the public key. It turns out that this single-factor authentication is extremely easy to compromise. Good password policies must be put in place in order to ensure that passwords cannot be compromised.
Below are some of the more common policies that organizations should put in place. Another essential tool for information security is a comprehensive backup plan for the entire organization. Not only should the data on the corporate servers be backed up, but individual computers used throughout the organization should also be backed up. A good backup plan should consist of several components.
Besides these considerations, organizations should also examine their operations to determine what effect downtime would have on their business. If their information technology were to be unavailable for any sustained period of time, how would it impact the business? As information has become a strategic asset, a whole industry has sprung up around the technologies necessary for implementing a proper backup strategy.
Technologies such as storage area networks and archival systems are now used by most large businesses. Another method that an organization should use to increase security on its network is a firewall. A firewall can exist as hardware or software or both. A hardware firewall is a device that is connected to the network and filters the packets based on a set of rules. A software firewall runs on the operating system and intercepts packets as they arrive to a computer.
A firewall may also be configured to restrict the flow of packets leaving the organization.
This may be done to eliminate the possibility of employees watching YouTube videos or using Facebook from a company computer. Some organizations may choose to implement multiple firewalls as part of their network security configuration, creating one or more sections of their network that are partially secured. This segment of the network is referred to as a DMZ, borrowing the term demilitarized zone from the military, and it is where an organization may place resources that need broader access but still need to be secured.
Another device that can be placed on the network for security purposes is an intrusion detection system, or IDS.