The Bone Box: Confines of Life and Death

The Bone Box: Confines of Life and Death by Itamar Bernstein ( £ Paperback. [ WRECKFUL'S RUN ] BY Bernstein, Itamar (AUTHOR)Dec
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The dung-hill cock is lascivious, pugnacious, and shortlived; a very lively bird, that likewise has white flesh. The Indian or Turkey cock lives longer than the former. It is an irascible bird, with very white flesh. Wood-pigeons axe long-lived, sometimes reaching to fifty years ; a bird of the air, that builds and sits on high.

Doves and turtle-doves are short-lived, not exceeding eight years. Pheasants and partridges sometimes live sixteen years. They are birds that have large broods; with flesh rather darker than that of the pullet tribe. The blackbird is said to be the longest lived of all small birds. It is an impudent bird, but a good singer. The sparrow is observed to be very short-lived 1, which in the male bird is attributed to its lasciviousness.

The linnet, which is not much bigger than a sparrow, has been known to live for twenty years. Of ostriches nothing certain is known, since those kept in England have unfortunately not been found to live long; of the ibis it is only known that it is long-lived, but its age is not recorded. The age of fish is more uncertain than that of land animals, because from living under water they are less observed. Most of them have no respiration, and therefore the vital spirit is confined more closely; and though they take in some refrigeration through their gills, yet it is not so continual as by breathing.

From living in the water they avoid the desiccation and depredation of the external air. Yet there is no doubt but that the external water entering and abiding in the pores of the body is even more prejudicial to life than the air. They are said to be cold-blooded. Some of them are very voracious, and feed even on their own species. The flesh is softer and less firm than that of land creatures; but they fatten exceedingly, so that an immense quantity of oil is extracted from whales.

Dolphins are reported to live about thirty years, an experiment having been made on some of them by cutting off their tails. They continue to grow for ten years. They tell a strange story of fishes, that after some years they diminish much in body, while their heads and tails retain their former size. In Caesar's fishponds lampreys were sometimes found to live sixty years. The pike is found to be the longest lived of all fresh water fish, and sometimes lasts forty years. It is a voracious fish, with a dry and firm flesh.

Salmon are quick of growth but short of life; as also are trout; but perch are slow of growth and long of life. How long the vast mass of matter in whales and sharks is governed by the spirit is not certainly known; nor in seals, sea-hogs and innumerable other kinds of fish. Crocodiles are said to be very long-lived, and likewise to be remarkable for the time of their growth, so that it is thought that they are the only animals which continue to grow as long as they live.

They are oviparous, voracious, savage, and excellently protected against the water. Concerning the age of the other kinds of shell fish, I find nothing certain is known. From the neglect of observations, and the complication of causes, it is difficult to discover any rule for the length and shortness of life in animals. Some few things however I will note.

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More birds than beasts are long-lived as the eagle, vulture, kite, pelican, raven, crow, swan, goose, ibis, parrot, woodpigeon, and the like ; though they complete their growth in a year, and are of less size. Certainly they are excellently protected against the inclemency of the weather; and as they, generally live.

Their movements likewise, which as has been mentioned elsewhere are partly by carriage and partly by motion of the limbs, shake and fatigue them less, and are more healthy. Neither do birds in the first stage of their existence suffer compression or want of aliment in the mother's womb, because the eggs are laid separately. But the principal cause, as I take it, is that birds are made more of the substance of the female than of the male, whence they have a less hot and fiery spirit.

It may be laid down that animals which have more of the substance of the female than of the male are longer-lived; as I have just said, birds are. Again, that those which have a longer period of gestation partake more of the substance of the Pliny, vial. The beginnings of things are most susceptible both of damage and of help; and therefore the less pressure and the more nourishment that the foetus receives in the womb the more likely is it to be long-lived.

This happens either when the young are brought forth at separate times, as in birds; or when the birth is single, as in animals which only bring forth one at a time. A long period of gestation lengthens life in three ways. First, as has been said, the young partakes more of the substance of the mother; secondly, it comes forth stronger;, and thirdly, it is later in undergoing the predatory action of the air.

Besides, it denotes that the periods of nature revolve in larger circles. And though sheep and omen, which remain about six months in the womb, are short-lived, yet this arises from other causes. Graminivorous and herbivorous animals are short-lived;but those which live on flesh, or even seeds or fruits as birds do , are long-lived. For stags, which are long-lived, look for half their food as they say above their heads; and, the goose, besides grass, picks up something in the water to benefit it.

The covering of the body I judge to add greatly to longevity, as it prevents and repels the intemperances of the air which so strangely weaken and undermine the body; and with this birds are excellently provided. And though sheep which are well covered are short-lived, this must be attributed to the manifold diseases of the animal and the living upon grass alone. The principal seat of the spirits is doubtless in the head; and though this is commonly referred only to the animal spirits, yet it applies to all.

And there is no question that the spirits most absorb and consume the body, so that a larger quantity of them or a greater inflammation and acrimony greatly shortens life. It appears to me therefore that the great cause of longevity in birds is that they have such small heads for the size of their bodies; whence men likewise who have very Urge heads are, I think, shorter lived. Carriage, as has been before observed, I judge more than any other motion to contribute to longevity.

Water--birds, as the swan, are carried on the water; and all birds are carried as they fly, using however from time to time a strong exertion of the limbs. So also are fishes in swimming, but their length of life is uncertain. The gentler kinds of animals, as the sheep and dove, are not long-lived; for bile acts as a whetstone or spur to many functions of the body. Animals whose flesh is somewhat dark-coloured live longer than those with a white flesh; for it denotes that the juice of the body is firmer, and less easily dissipated.

In every corruptible body quantity itself contributes much to the preservation of the whole. For a large fire is not so soon quenched; a small quantity of water evaporates sooner; a twig withers sooner than the trunk. Generally therefoer I speak of kinds, not of individuals animals of a larger bulk arc more long-lived than those of a smaller; unless there is some other powerful cause to prevent it.

Article- and a simpler substance than the body nourished.

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Plants are nourished by earth and water, animals by plants, men by animals. There are animals likewise which feed on flesh, and man himself feeds partly on plants; but man and carnivorous animals could hardly be nourished by plants alone. From time and habit they might perhaps be nourished by fruits and seeds that had passed the fire, but not by the leaves of plants or herbs; as has been proved by the order of the Feuillans.

Too near a relationship or similarity of substance between the nourishment and the thing nourished does not turn out well. Graminivorous animals do not touch flesh; even of carnivorous animals few eat the flesh of their own species ; nor do men that are cannibals feed ordinarily upon man's flesh, but take to it either for revenge on their enemies, or from some unnatural custom. A field is not well sown with the grain which grew in it, nor is the sucker or shoot grafted on its own stock. The better the aliment is prepared, and the nearer it assimilates to the substance of the thing nourished, the more fruitful do plants become, and the more do animals fatten.

For no shoot or sucker planted in the ground is so well nourished as if it were grafted on a stock well suited to its nature, where it found its nourishment digested and prepared. Neither it is said will the seed of an onion or the like, put into the earth, produce so large a plant as it would if it were first grafted into the root of another onion, and then put into the earth.

Again, it has been recently discovered that shoots of wild trees, as the elm, oak, ash, and the like, bear far larger leaves when, grafted on other stocks than they do naturally. Men likewise are better nourished by cooked than by raw food. Animals are nourished through the mouth, plants through the roots, the foetus of animals in the womb through the navel cord, and birds for a short time by the yolk of their eggs, some of which is even found in their crops after they are hatched. All aliment moves principally from the centre towards the circumference, or from the inside towards the outside.

But it should be observed that trees and plants are rather nourished through the bark and outside, than through the pith and inside; for if even a narrow strip of bark be peeled off all round the trunk the tree soon dies. And blood in the veins of animals nourishes the flesh beneath it as well as that above it.

In all alimentation there are two actions, extrusion and attraction; whereof the former proceeds from an interior, the latter from an exterior function. Vegetables assimilate their aliment simply and without excretion ; for gums and tears are rather exuberances than excretions, and knobs are diseases. But the substance of animals having a better perception of its like, is the more fastidious, and rejects the useless and assimilates the useful matter.

It is curious that all the aliment, which sometimes produces such large fruit, should have to pass through such a, slender neck as the fruitstalk ; for fruit never grows to the stem without a stalk. It should be observed that the seed of animals is only fruitful when fresh, but that the seeds of plants retain the power of nourishment for a long time. But yet shoots will not grow unless they are put in fresh; and roots will soon lose their vegetative power if they are not covered with soil.

In animals the degrees of nourishment vary according to the age. For the foetus in the womb the juices of the mother are enough: The point of most importance to the present inquiry is to examine clearly and carefully whether nourishment may not be supplied from without, at all events otherwise than through the mouth. We know that milk-baths are used in consumptions and wasting diseases, and that there are some physicians who consider that some alimentation may be supplied by clysters.

By all means pay attention to this: Before the flood men lived according to 6th,h? Scripture many hundred years, yet none of the. Neither can this longevity be imputed to grace or the holy line. Fur of the patriarchs before the flood there are counted eleven generations, but of the sons of Adam by Cain only eight; which would make Cain's descendants the more long-lived. Immediately after the flood this longevity was reduced by a half; at least in such as were born after the flood for Noah who was born before it arrived at the age of his ancestors, and Shem lived years.

Abraham lived years 1; a man of noble spirit, and prosperous in all his ways. Isaac attained to years 2 ; a chaste man, and of a quiet life. Jacob after many sorrows and a numerous family reached his th yearn; a man patient, gentle, and cunning. Ishmael, a warlike man, lived years. Joseph likewise, a wise and politic man, who passed his youth in afflic-tion but his after age in great prosperity, lived years.


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The son of Levi, and likewise his grandson, the father of Moses and Aaron, reached nearly the same age. Moses lived years'; a man of courage, and yet of the greatest meekness, and hesitating in his speech. But he himself in his Psalm declared. Aaron, who was three years older, died the same year as his brother"; a man readier of tongue, easier -and less firm in character.

Phineas, Aaron's grandson, is com-puted to have lived perhaps by extraordinary grace years, if at least the war of the Israelites against the tribe of Benjamin la wherein Phineas was consulted took place in the same order of time as is recorded in the history; he was a man exceedingly zealous. Joshua, a warrior, a renowned and ever successful general, lived years. Ehud the judge seems to have been a centenarian at least; for after the conquest of the Moabites the Holy Land had rest for eighty years under his government 14 ; he was a bold and active man, who had in a manner devoted himself for the people:.

Eli the priest lived ninety-eight years' ; a corpu-lent man, of a quiet temper, and indulgent to his children. Elisha the prophet seems to have been above at his death, since we find that he lived sixty years after the assumption of Elijah, and at that time the boys mocked him as a bald-head. Isaiah the prophet seems to have been a centenarian, for he is found to have exercised the gift of prophecy for seventy years; but the time he commenced to prophesy and the time of his death are both uncertain.

He was a man of wonderful eloquence, and the evangelical prophet, being full of God's promises of the New Testament, as a skin full of sweet wine. Tobias the Elder lived years: At the time of the captivity likewise, many of the Jews who returned from Babylon appear to have been of a great age; since though there was an interval of seventy years they are said to have remembered both temples, and to have wept for the disparity between them.

At the same time likewise Anna the prophetess is proved to have lived more than years 5 ; for she had lived with her husband for seven years, and been a widow for eighty-four, and to these must be added the years of her virginity, and those which followed her prophecy of our Saviour. She was a holy woman, passing her life in prayer and fasting. The instances of longevity mentioned in heathen authors are not to be depended on; both by reason of the fables, to which relations of this kind are very prone, and the fallacies in the calculations of years.

In the accounts extant concern-ing the Egyptians there is certainly nothing remarkable as to longevity. For the longest reign of any of their kings did not exceed fifty or fifty-five years; which is nothing, seeing that modern reigns are sometimes as long. The kings of Arcadia are fabulously reported to have been very long-lived. Numa the Roman king was an octogenarian a ; a man peaceful, contemplative, and devoted to religion. Valerius Corvinus was a centenarian; since forty-six years elapsed between his first and sixth consulship. Solon the Athenian lawgiver, and one of the seven wise men, lived for more than 80 years.

Epimenides of Crete is said to have lived years; but the case has something of prodigy in it, since for fifty-seven of them he is said to -have lain concealed in. He was a man who wandered -no less in his mind than in his body; so that in consequence of his opinions his name was changed from Xenophanes to genomanes ; he was doubtless a man of vast conceptions, breathing nothing but infinity.

Anacreon the poet lived beyond 80 7 ; a man amorous, voluptuous, and a wine-bibber. Pindar the Theban completed his 80th year"; a sublime poet, with a certain novelty and originality of mind, and a great worshipper of the gods. So-phocles the Athenian lived to the same age 9 ; a poet of a lofty style, entirely devoted to writing, and neglectful of his family. Agesilaus, king of Sparta, at the same period attained to 84 years It; a moderate man, and a philo-sopher among kings; but nevertheless ambitious, warlike, and active both in war and business.

Democritus of Abdera lived to Diogenes of Sinope lived 90 years 6 ; a man free towards others, but despotic over himself, delighting in poor diet, and patience.

The Bone Box: Confines of Life and Death by Itamar Bernstein (2006-10-08)

Zeno of Citium lived 98 years 7 ; a high-minded man, a scorner of opinions, of great acuteness, yet not of a troublesome kind, but such as rather engaged and took men's minds than constrained them; wherein Seneca afterwards resembled him. Plato the Athenian fulfilled his 80th year e; a man of a great spirit, but loving quiet, in contemplation sublime and imaginative, in manners polite and elegant, but yet rather composed than merry, and of a majestic carriage. Theophrastus of Eresium lived 85 years 9; a man pleasant for his eloquence and his great variety of information; who only picked out the sweets of philosophy and did not meddle with the unpleasant or the bitter.

Carneades of Cyrene, many years afterryards, likewise reached his 85th year"; a man of easy eloquence, who delighted both himself and others with the pleasant and agreeable variety of his knowledge. Orbi-lius in Cicero's time, who was neither a philosopher nor a rhetorician, but a grammarian, lived nearly years ll ; first a soldier, then a schoolmaster; a man naturally harsh and rough, both with his tongue and pen, and very severe to his pupils.

Fabius Maximus was augur for sixty-three years 1, and therefore he must have been above eighty when he died; though it is true that in the augurship noble birth was usually more regarded than age. He was a wise and cautious man, moderate in all his ways of life; and uniting courtesy with severity. Masinissa the Numidian king exceeded 90 years, and had a son after he was eighty-five. Porcius Cato lived for more than 90 years 3, a man of iron both body and mind, severe in speech, a lover of party strife, fond of agriculture, and physician both to himself his family.

Terentia, the wife of Cicero, lived for years a woman oppressed by many sorrows, first by the banish-ment of her husband, then by the quarrel between them, and lastly by his final misfortune; she was likewise often troubled with the gout. Luceia must have lived a good deal beyond years 5 ; since she is said to have acted for a full century on the stage, playing perhaps at first the part of a girl, and lastly that of a decrepit old woman.

It is unknown in what year of her age Galeria Copiola, who was both an actress and a dancer, was first brought on the stage ; but ninety nine years after her first appearance she was brought back to the stage on the dedication of the theatre by Pompey the Great, not now as an actress, but as a wonder. And this is not all; for she was exhibited again at the votive games in honour of Augustus. There was also another actress, a little inferior in age but of a higher rank, who lived nearly 90 years; namely, Livia Julia Augusta, wife of Augustus, mother of Tiberius.

Junia, the wife of C. Cassius, and sister of M. Brutus, lived also to 90 ; since she lived sixty-four years after the battle of Philippi. The 76th year of our Lord, in the reign of the Emperor Vespasian, is memorable as furnishing a kind of calendar of longevity. Besides these, Parma in particular returned five men, of whom three were , and two years old; Brixillum one man of ; Placentia one of ; and Faventia, one woman of A town then called Velleiacum , situated on the hills surrounding Placentia, re-turned ten, of whom six' had completed their th, and four their th year; and Ariminum, one man aged years, named M.

To avoid prolixity, I have thought fit both in the instances already recounted and in those which I am going to recount, to bring forward no age less than 80 ; and I have appended to each a character or biographical notice, true and very short, but such as in my judgment has some bearing upon longevity which is in no alight degree influenced by fortune and habits ; either because such persons are com-monly long-lived, or on the contrary because such persons, though not apt to live long, yet sometimes may.

Of the Roman, Greek, French, and German emperors, up to our time, containing a list of about princes, only four have been found to reach the age of To these we may add the two first emperors, Augustus and Tiberius; the latter being 78, the former 76 3; and both of whom might perhaps have reached 80, if Livia and Caligula had so willed it. Augustus as has been mentioned lived 76 years; a man of a moderate disposition, vehement in accomplishing his designs, but in other respects quiet and serene, temperate in his diet, but not so in his amours, and fortunate in everything.

In his thirtieth year he had so severe and dangerous an illness that his life was despaired of; when the physician Antonius Musa, after all the rest had applied hot remedies as suited for the disease, cured him by a contrary system of cold medicines' ; and this perhaps contributed to his length of life. Tiberius lived to be two years older; a man as Augustus said of him a of slow jaws, that is, of slow but strong speech ; bloodthirsty, intemperate, and one who made lust part of his diet; and yet he took good care of his health, for he used to say that a man must be a fool who -called in or consulted a physician after he was thirty.

The elder Gordian lived 80 years, and yet died a violent death, before he had scarce tasted the sweets of empire. He was a man noble and magnificent, learned and a poet, and up to the very time of his death uniformly fortunate. The Emperor Valerian lived 76 years before he was taken prisoner by the Persian king Sapor ; he lived after his captivity seven years in the midst of insult, and in the end died a violent death.

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He was a man of indifferent capacity, and not active; but of a somewhat higher reputation than he proved himself equal to in action. Anastasius, surnamed Dicorus, lived 88 years; a man of a sedate temper, but low-spirited, superstitious and timid. Anicius Justinianus lived 83 years; an ambitious man, personally indolent, but successful and famous through the valour of his generals; uxorious, and not his own master, but under the guidance of others. Helena of Britain, the mother of Constantine the Great, was an octo-genarian. She was a woman who never interfered in public affairs, either during the reign of her husband or of her son, but entirely devoted herself to religion; she was high-minded, and always prosperous.

The Empress Theodora who was the sister of Zoe, the wife of Monomacbus, after whose death she reigned alone lived above 80 years. She was a busy woman and fond of empire, excessively fortunate, and rendered credulous by her prosperity.

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From secular princes, I will now turn to the principal persons in the Church. John, the apostle and beloved disciple of our Saviour, lived 93 years; rightly denoted by the emblem of the eagle, breathing nothing but divine love, and distinguished as a seraph among the apostles by reason of the fervour of his charity. Luke the Evangelist lived to 84 t ; an eloquent man, a traveller, the inseparable companion of St. Paul, and a physician.

Simeon the son of Cleophas, called the brother of our Lord, and Bishop of Jerusalem, lived yearsa, and was then cut off by martyrdom; a high-spirited man, stedfast in the faith, and full of good works. Polycarp, the disciple of the Apostles, and Bishop of Smyrna, seems to have lived for more than years before he suffered martyrdom ; a man of high soul, heroic patience, and incessant in his labours. Priscilla and Aquila, first the hosts of the Apostle Paul, and then his fellow-labourers, lived in a happy and famous wedlock for at least years, since they were alive under the papacy of Sistus I.

They were a noble pair, and given to all charity; who, besides other great consolations which were doubtless vouchsafed to the early founders of the Church , had this great additional blessing of conjugal union. Paul the hermit reached years. He lived in a cave, on such simple and hard diet as would appear scarce sufficient to support life; passing all his time in meditations and soliloquies, and yet not illi-terate, or an idiot, but a learned man. Antony, the first founder, or according to some the restorer of the monkish orders, reached the age of '; a devout man, and con-templative, but yet a good man of business; his manner of life was rough and austere, but yet he lived in a kind of glorious solitude, and not without authority.

For he both had his monks under him, and moreover many Christians and philosophers came to visit him, as a living image, not without some feelings of adoration. Athanasius was above 80 when he died; a man of invincible firmness, always commanding fame, and never giving way to fortune; free towards those above him, courteous and acceptable to those below; practised in contentions, and both courageous and prudent therein. Jerome, by the authority of most writers, exceeded. The Popes of Rome, up to the present time, are in number Of these only five have.

The cases which follow. Arganthonius, king of Cadiz in Spain, lived or according to some years, for eighty of which he was on the throne. Cinyras, king of Cyprus, is said to have lived or years in that island, then reputed happy and voluptuous. There is a story of one Dando in Elyria who lived years, without any of the inconveniences of old age.

One of them especially, by name Litorius, a man of gigantic stature, had reached to Apollonius of Tyana exceeded years s; a man beautiful for his age, and truly wonder-ful; regarded as a god by the heathens, as a sorcerer by the Christians; a Pythagorean in his diet, a great traveller, of immense renown, and worshipped almost as a god; never-theless towards the close of his life he had to undergo accusa-tions and disgrace, though he contrived to escape in safety. But lest his longevity should be attributed to his Pythagorean diet alone, and to show that he derived some of it from his family, it may be mentioned that his father likewise lived years.

It is certain that Q.


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    • Metellus lived upwards of years' ; and after a successful administration of several consul-shipa, being in his old age made Pontifex Maximus, he held that sacred office for twenty-two years ; yet his voice never faultered in repeating the vows, neither did his hands tremble in performing the sacrifices. Appius Ca;cus was certainly very old, but his age is not recorded. Nay, in his last days, when carried on a litter into the senate, he spoke most ear-nestly against making peace with Pyrrhus.

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    The beginning of his speech is very memorable, as showing the invincible strength and vigour of his mind. Perpenna lived 98 years; having survived all those whose vote he as consul had asked in the senate that is, all the senators during his year of office ; and also, with the exception of seven, all those whom' a little after as censor he had elected into the senate.

    Statilia, of a noble family, in the time of Claudius, lived 99 years'; Clodia, the daughter of Ofilius, The Cor-cyreans were anciently reputed long-lived, but now their age is of the ordinary length. Hippocrates of Cos, the famous physician, lived years, and by the length of his life approved and credited his own art. He was a man of wisdom as well as learning, much given to experiments and observation, not striving after words or methods, but picking outthe very nerves of science and so setting them forth.

    Demo-naz, a philosopher both by practice and profession in the time of Adrian, lived almost to 7; a man of high mind and master of his mind, and that truly without affectation; a despiser of the world, but courteous and polite. The Seres likewise, another Indian people, with their palm-wine,. It is a common idea that Seneca was very old, and no less than But this cannot be true; for fir from being a decrepit old man when he was appointed tutor to Nero, he was on the contrary exceedingly active in the go-vernment.

    Besides, a little before, in the middle of the reign of Claudius, he was banished for adultery with some noble ladies, a thing not compatible with such an age. Johannes de Temporibus among all the men of later times is by tradition and common report reputed long-lived, even to a miracle or rather a fable, his age being said to be above He was by birth a Frenchman, and served under Charlemagne.

    Gartius of Aretium, great grandfather to Petrarch, lived years. He always enjoyed good health, and at the end felt a decay of strength rather than any malady ; which is the true dissolution by old age. Many Venetians of high rank were long-lived; as the Doge Franciscus Donatus, Thomas Contarenus and Franciscus illolinus procurators of 8t. But the most memorable instance is that of the Venetian Cornaro, who being of sickly body in his youth, began for the sake of his health to measure his meat and drink by weight.

    This custom led by degrees to a fixed diet, and the diet to a very long life, of even more than years', with unimpaired faculties and constant health. Guillaume Postel, a Frenchman, in our time, lived nearly years; the top of his moustache being still black, and not at all grey. He was a man of dis-ordered brain and unsound mind, a great traveller sad mathe-matician, and somewhat tainted with heresy.

    In England I imagine there is scarce any village of any size in which an octogenarian man or woman may not be found. A few years ago, at a May-game in Herefordshire, a lnorrice dance was performed by eight men, whose united ages made up years; some of them' exceeding , by as much as others fell short. In Bethlehem hospital in the suburbs of London, insti-tuted for the support and custody of lunatics, there are found from time to time madmen who live'to a great age:.

    The ages of nymphs and demons of the air, who are represented as mortal, yet as very long-lived a thing that has been -admitted by the superstition and credulity of the ancients, and even by some in modern times , I hold to be fables and dreams, especially as they agree neither with philosophy nor religion. And so much for the history of longevity in man considered in individual cases or next to individual. I will now proceed to observations by certain heads. The lapse of ages and the succession of generations do not appear to have at all diminished the length of life.

    For from the -time of Moses to the present day the course of man's life has stood at about eighty years, not gradually and insensibly de-clining, as might have been expected. There are periods indeed in every country when men are longer or shorter lived. Longer generally, when they are less civilised, live on simpler diet, and are more given to bodily exercise; shorter, when they are more civilised and given more to ease and luxury; but these things come and go in their turns; the succession of generations.

    And no' doubt the same holds. Therefore the great diminution of age was caused by the flood; and may perhaps by the like great accidents as they call them , ouch as particular inundations, long droughts, earthquakes and the like, be caused again. They open the gate and the pig falls to the floor. They take a knife and slice open its jugular vein, and the pig's blood spills out.

    And so the animal will continue to move and convulse," McConaughy says. The pig twists and writhes in its own blood until it stops moving. The butchers, clad in heavy aprons and black rubber boots, lift the lifeless body into a metal machine, which boils its hair off. When the pig comes out it looks less like an animal and more like meat — its flesh is pink and clean. A butcher then pops the toenails off with a knife. Another takes a blowtorch to scorch the remainder of the hair. They saw into the breast plate until the bone cracks, and use a giant serrated knife to cut the head off.

    Chains jangle as they hoist the body to the ceiling. One butcher slices the stomach and the guts plop into a metal wheelbarrow. He is married to Judith, herself author of published poetry in Hebrew. They are parents of three sons- Guy deceased , Gary and Byron. He is the author of several historical and religious fiction novels, as well as academic and professional works on international law.

    His personal hobbies are historical research and flying. Are you an author? Help us improve our Author Pages by updating your bibliography and submitting a new or current image and biography. Learn more at Author Central. Here's an admittedly speculative original theory I've developed in detail at a Talpiot Tomb FaceBook group. The name Chalfi is derived from a word for sword in Aramaic. I believe that with "live by the sword, die by the sword" Jesus was addressing his uncle Chalfi specifically, making a pun on his name. This in turn could indicate that Chalfi ha.

    Here's a concise video of my theory about the Talpiot tomb. The carving of a fish exhaling a person found in the adjacent tomb by James Tabor and Simcha Jacobovici could indeed be early Christian iconography relating Jesus to Jonah. Check the template rat. In my opinion the most important symbol found in the Talpiot tomb is the large letter Tav in ancient Hebrew script, directly preceding the name "Yeshua bar Yehosef" on ossuary There's no other ossuary listed in Rachmani's catalogue of Jewish ossuaries where that symbol appears immediately before the name inscribed on the ossuary.

    There's substantial evidence that this symbol signified messianic expectations in Judaism, at least from about years before Jesus' time; and even mor. Where art thou, Nicodemus? I've recently visited the site of the tomb I went there also in but didn't know the exact spot. I was really struck by the beauty of the place, with the panorama of Jerusalem due North of the ridge promenade Armon Ha'natziv , and the tomb about meters due South from that promenade.

    If I were a wealthy follower financing Jesus' tomb, I would have wanted to be buried in the adjacent tomb, so as to be among the very first to rise again with Him. I fancy that tomb inspected, and an oss.