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But Bishop Richard Nix and his chancellor Thomas Pelles refused to allow Bilney to appeal to the king, and they moved swiftly to have him condemned and executed. He was burnt in a place outside Norwich known as the Lollards Pit. It may have seemed singularly appropriate to burn Bilney on the feast day of St.

Magnus as a means to repair the insult that he had inflicted four years earlier by preaching against idolatry in a church dedicated to the saint. At the last moment, just before the fire was lit, a written recantation was thrust into Bilney's hands to give him a final chance to submit. But he did not take advantage of the opportunity, even though he might have saved his life had he read the document loud enough for the people standing by to hear him.

His execution was vastly disturbing. Bilney was a Norfolk native. He had many friends in Norwich, and a number of his colleagues from Cambridge University attended him in his last hours. The fact that his appeal was not brought before the king worried many, and Sir Thomas More, as Lord Chancellor, was asked to investigate. Had Bilney then revoked at the last moment? If so, was it correct to burn him? In The confutacyon of Tyndales answere More continued to associate Bilney with the teachings of Martin Luther and William Tyndale, but he concluded that Bilney had revoked.

Then, More hoped, God had 'forthwith from the fyre taken hys blessed soule to heuen', where Bilney now could pray for all of those still alive whom he had deluded. What Bilney wanted to achieve, at least in terms of dismantling shrines, was done later in Henry's reign, and under King Edward. Bilney was audacious, and he pushed the pace too early. In he became the victim, but as matters developed, his enemies also failed, for the reaction to his death was extreme. More's pursuit of Bilney and other heretics in his defense of the papacy and tradition was among the factors that led to his surrender of the office of Chancellor in Latimer and other evangelicals played a part in bringing him to his execution in Latimer of course read every word that More had printed against Bilney.

He took his own opportunity avenge his friend when he preached before King Edward.

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More's writings remained influential long after his death, and were newly relevant after Queen Mary Tudor brought about a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church. They reconciled the conflicting and divergent interpretations of Bilney's actions largely following Latimer's lead.

Bilney was a good man who was overcome by the enemies of the true Church. The heightened competition between Protestant and Catholic traditions had solidified by the beginning of Elizabeth's reign. Foxe and Day reinterpreted the confusing s and s in light of their own present-day circumstances. Thus they smudged some aspects of Bilney's career. They made some of the details of his submission harder to understand, and cloaked the fact that Bilney had agreed that Luther was a heretic.

They also stressed the word 'conuersio' or 'conversion' when they referred to the astonishing and elusive life-altering interviews that passed between Bilney and his friends. Was Foxe and Day's account of Bilney's life mainly the literal truth, or was it art? We may never know, and here we suggest some approaches to this difficult issue.

Omer, [], STC , , and he dismissed the story of Latimer hearing Bilney's confession as a vain thing. Parsons maintained that Bilney had held but few Protestant opinions and that he died in his adjuration.


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Recently, Bilney could seem Gregory Walker has argued more the 'scheming lawyer than the persecuted saint' in Walker, 'Heresy Trial', p. If Foxe and Day drifted in their stories, then perhaps they learned some of their strategies from what they called the 'Poeticall fictions' , p. It had been illegal to preach or teach any of Martin Luther's doctrine any where in western Europe since mid , when his books and sermons were banned by Pope Leo X in his Bull 'Exsurge Domine'. When Luther continued to defy the pope by burning the Bull publicly in late with books of Canon Law, Leo excommunicated him at the beginning of Bilney's attempt to persuade Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall to favour him may be compared with William Tyndale's efforts to gain Tunstall's patronage in the early s.

The actual number of letters that passed between Thomas Bilney and Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall is confused. What is clear is that Tunstall carefully saved Bilney's letters, and used them here in examining him in The book Bilney was reading was the Novum Instrumentum , the first version of the New Testament that Erasmus issued in , and which printed the original Greek of scripture in parallel columns with the Latin Vulgate.

The sentence that matters here is; 'Sed tandem de Iesu audiebam, nimirum tum, cum nouum Testamentum primum ad Erasmo aederetur'. Thomas Bilney proceeded to the degree of bachelor in Canon Law at Cambridge in Containing the Accounts of the Proctors of the University of Cambridge, , ed. Mary Bateson Cambridge, , p. The book Bilney was reading was the Novum Instrumentum , the first version of the New Testament that Erasmus issued in that printed the original Greek of scripture in parallel columns with the Latin Vulgate.

The sentence that matters here is read in Latin: To write that Christ is our only mediator, as Foxe does here, is meant to dismiss the role that any of the saints had in salvation, and most particularly was a criticism of the cult of the Blessed Virgin Mary. For the practice of burying the dead in the cowls of Franciscan friars, see Susan Wabuda, Preaching during the English Reformation Cambridge, , pp. The famous pilgrimage shrines to the Blessed Virgin Mary at Walsingham in Norfolk which was established soon after the Norman Conquest in the eleventh century ; St. Willesden also had an important pilgrimage site in its shrine to the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Details concerning the identity and career of Friar John Brusierd continue to be sparse. It means to misinterpret deliberately. Arthur was a fellow of St. Fisher maintained a strong influence over St. John's in the s. The word was Day's and Foxe's anachronistic term for Bilney's influence on his contemporaries.

Peter Marshall and Alec Ryrie [Cambridge, ], George Elwes Corrie Cambridge, , pp. In the marginal comments Day wrote in What actually occurred seems to have been more subtle and less cataclysmic, at least at first, than Day and Foxe would have their readers believe. Among the other examiners whom Foxe did not name was the bishop of Carlisle. They met in the octagonal chapter house of Westminster Abbey, which has remained relatively unchanged in the intervening centuries. It is reached from the Cloister and it retains its original tile floor and wall paintings.

It should be noted that Bishop Tunstall was deliberately slow in passing an irrevocable sentence of death over Bilney, and may be taken as an indication that Tunstall would have preferred that Bilney submit and be spared. Among the thirty witnesses that Bilney now claimed that he could bring to support his case, we must number Dr.

In after years, Latimer recommended that those accused should 'Abiure al your fryends' rather than listen to them and abjure as Bilney did in Although the London parish of St. Magnus in the present day wishes to be identified with St. Magnus the Martyr, there has, through the centuries, been some understandable confusion about which particular St.

Magnus enjoys the church's dedication. For the association of the crucified Christ with the brazen serpent of Moses from Numbers Bilney's essential dependence upon the sacrifice of Christ in his theology may help to explain his attack on idolatry at the church of St Magnus which was always an important City church, as it stood on the north end of London Bridge , where the parishioners were gilding their new rood. Bilney argued there that just as Ezechias destroyed the brazen serpent that Moses had made, so too should kings and princes in the present day destroy and burn the images of saints that were set up in churches and other places.

See Gregory Walker, 'Saint or schemer?: Thomas Garrett or Garrard was associated with Robert Foreman at Honey Lane and was a crucial figure in the dissemination of heretical books between London and the universities. He was briefly chancellor of the diocese of Worcester when Hugh Latimer was bishop there. In he was burnt with Robert Barnes and William Jerome. Latimer's First Sermon on the Lord's Prayer in 27 sermons preached by the ryght Reuerende father in God and constant matir [sic] of Iesus Christe, Maister Hugh Latimer, as well such as in tymes past haue bene printed, as certayne other commyng to our handes of late, whych were yet neuer set forth in print , London: Hugh Latimer's famous account of what passed between him and Bilney when Bilney 'conuerted' him in The word 'conuersion' was Day's and Foxe's anachronistic term for Bilney's influence on his contemporaries.

Peter Marshall and Alec Ryrie [Cambridge, ], pp. The place where the Anchoress was walled up was near the convent of the Dominican Friars in Norwich now known as St. Andrew's and Blackfriars Halls. Sir Thomas More wrote that Bilney was 'secretely kepte' for a time in Norwich, and he was seized while he was delivering to her 'dyuers of Tyndales bokes'. The books afterward were conveyed away by another man, who was found with them, and the double discovery of Bilney and the books 'came to lyght by the very prouysyon of god. Foxe tells us here that Bilney gave her only two books rather than the 'dyuers' that More mentioned by William Tyndale: Other expositions of scripture followed when Tyndale was living in Antwerp.

The obedience of a Christen man appeared in The obedience of a Christen man and how Christen rulers ought to governe Marlborow in the land of Hessen: Hoochstraten], , STC John Byrd was born in Coventry, and he became a suffragan bishop in In he was made bishop of the newly-created diocese of Chester. At the time of Bilney's examinations, Byrd was still a Carmelite friar. Dr John Stokes was the prior of the convent of Augustinian friars in Norwich.

Nicholas Shaxton had preached a university sermon to the clergy in Cambridge on Ash Wednesday that it was wrong to say publicly that there was no purgatory, but not damnable to think so privately. The date of Shaxton's marriage is not know, but there was at least one son from his union before he repudiated his wife in See his profile in the ODNB.

The Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge then was Dr. John Watson, who had studied Greek with Erasmus. Hugh Latimer became University Chaplain in It had been illegal to preach or teach any of Martin Luther's doctrine any where in western Europe since mid , when his books and sermons were banned by Pope Leo X in his Bull Exsurge Domine.

When Luther continued to defy the pope by burning the Bull with books of canon law publicly in late , Leo excommunicated him at the beginning of Heresy was illegal in England under the terms of both canon law and statute: Guy, 'The Legal context of the controversy: Tunstall, West and Fisher came to the house of Richard Nix, near Charing Cross, perhaps out of consideration for Nix's partial blindness. Nix was a member of Bilney's college, Trinity Hall. Arthur's and Bilney's examinations have also been discussed by Susan Brigden, London and the Reformation , Oxford, , pp.

All traveling preachers, whether friars, monks, or learned secular clergymen, were required under the terms of English statute 2 Henry IV, c. John Fisher, bishop of Rochester and chancellor of Cambridge obtained new licensing powers for the university under the terms of a Bull issued by Pope Alexander VI in A Cambridge University preaching license permitted its holder to preach anywhere in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Arthur was licensed to preach by Cambridge University in in the same group that included Nicholas Shaxton and Thomas Cranmer.

Bilney was issued a license to preach in the diocese of Ely in , which Bishop West retracted after he was convicted of heresy. Here he may have been influenced by some of the writings of Erasmus, or the idea of the priesthood of all believers, found in Martin Luther's [ Of the Babylonian Captivity of the Church ] - De Captivitate Babylonica Ecclesiae Basle: Luther argued in Of the Babylonian Captivity of the Church that every Christian, in some senses, can be a priest in the exercise of ministry. De Captivitate Babylonica Ecclesiae Basle: For Arthur to preach that 'euerye man may preach' was unusual, and against canon law and statute.

Here he may have been influenced by some of the writings of Erasmus, or the idea of the priesthood of all believers, found in Martin Luther's De Captivitate Babylonica Ecclesiae Basle: Bilney and Thomas Arthur went preaching together from the university to Ipswich and Norwich and onward to London during the summer of Theirs was an aggressive preaching itinerary, and they were followed at every step by Dominican friars. At Ipswich, Bilney was heard to say that Christ was the only mediator between us and the Father. To petition the saints was to injure the blood of Christ.

Bilney was accused of preaching in the churches of St Helen's Bishopsgate, St Magnus, and also in the churches of Willesden in the week of Pentecost , Newington in the week of Pentecost , Kensington, and Chelsea outside the city, as well as Ipswich on 28 May. At Willesden, Bilney spoke against going on pilgrimages and offerings to saints.

He recommended that worshippers stay at home. At the church of St Magnus which was always an important City church, as it stood on the north end of London Bridge , the parishioners were gilding their new rood, and here Bilney denounced idolatry. Chelsea is particularly noteworthy, as Sir Thomas More's residence was next to what is now known as Chelsea Old Church, where he intended to be buried next to the chantry chapel he built there.

The actual number of letters that passed between Thomas Bilney and Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall is confused here. The bishop of Rochester was John Fisher, chancellor of Cambridge University, who was among the most implacable of Luther's adversaries, and he enjoyed an international reputation for learning and orthodoxy. Luther's book De Captivitate Babylonica Ecclesiae created a sensation because he attacked the doctrine of the seven sacraments and the hierarchy of the Catholic Church by calling into question the theology of the Mass.

Fisher responded against him in Defensio Regie assertionis contra Babylonicam captiuitatem and Sacri sacerdotij defensiones contra Lutherum , Cologne: Peter Quentell, June The target of the bishops' inquiry here was the Lutheran tenet of justification by faith alone, without the necessity of good works including pilgrimages, the invocation of the saints, or almsdeeds.

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The reading of the Bible in the vernacular by the laity had been illegal in England ever since the medieval heresy laws against Lollardy had been passed by Parliament in 5 Ric. Vernacular prayers and lessons were at issue once more since when Erasmus first issued his powerful call for everyone to read scripture in the Paraclesis. Translations of the Bible into English had been illegal ever since the Wycliffite heresies of the late fourteenth century. The call of the humanists, including Erasmus, to return ad fontes , and to understand sacred scripture as it had been written, was highly controversial in the late s.

Susan Wabuda, 'The Woman with the Rock: Susan Wabuda and Caroline Litzenberger Aldershot, , pp. Bilney was issued a license to preach in the diocese of Ely in , which Bishop West retracted. For Bilney's 'manner of qualifying' see J. Batley, On a Reformer's Latin Bible: Foxe was deliberately obscure here to conceal the fact that Bilney with Arthur believed that Luther's opinions had been justly condemned, even under the terms of Holy Scripture, and that Luther was 'a wicked and detestable hereticke'.

Bilney and Arthur agreed that John Fisher, bishop of Rochester and chancellor of Cambridge University, had been correct in impugning Luther's assertions in his books Defensio Regie assertionis contra Babylonicam captiuitatem and Sacri sacerdotij defensiones contra Lutherum Cologne: Robert Barnes had shocked the university and the hierarchy of the English Church when he was the first of the Cambridge evangelicals to openly criticize Thomas Cardinal Wolsey in a sermon he delivered at St.

Edward's Church in Cambridge on Christmas Eve in Bilney's opinion that the saints were not in heaven was highly unusual. The octagonal chapter house of Westminster Abbey has remained relatively unchanged in the intervening centuries. In the winter of Jack Roo had produced a masque written twenty years earlier which Wolsey took to be aimed at himself. Foxe has Fish playing the offending role. Roo spent time in the Fleet prison as a result of the play, and Fish escaped to Antwerp.

The rise and fall of Thomas Wolsey London, , pp. Fish had been arrested in London on heresy charges, but died of plague before he could stand trial in He was burned as a relapsed heretic tried on 19 April for denying purgatory and auricular confession. It is difficult to pin down precisely which index of forbidden books Foxe is referring to here as there were many at the time. This is a complete copy of Simon Fish, A supplication for the beggars In essence, Hunne refused to pay a fee to the parish priest the rector of St Mary Matfelon in Whitechapel for the burial of his child March The priest sued Hunne in the ecclesiastical court of Audience April - which found in the priest's favour - and Hunne counter-sued in the civil courts January accusing the priest of slander and praemunire acting upon the orders of a foreign power without the king's license.

He committed suicide 4 December and his body was burned for heresy 20 December. A coroner's jury concluded February that Hunne had been murdered while in prison. Mortmain is a legal condition in which land or property is possessed not by a person but by a non-personal legal entity or corporation like the church. The land or property, thereby, is not subject to inheritance fines. The two statutes of and were attempts by Edward I to prevent too much land falling into the possession of the church which limited the crown's revenues.

This is one of Fish's theological arguments, this one against the doctrine of purgatory very much along sola scriptura lines. Fish here rejects the sale of indulgences, very much after the tenor of Luther's Ninety-five theses. The doctrine of purgatory was nonsensical in terms of scripture and, according to Fish, the sacrament of penance was more a financial expedient than anything else.

Fish seems to consciously? The indulgence derives from the donation of the penitent considered to be his act of remorse or his necessary penalty for sin and not from the action of the pope who could not simply pardon all the souls without some evidence of genuine remorse. The Supplication makes three important arguments economic, theological and anti-clerical. That the clergy control so much land is one of his economic complaints. The economic argument is probably the key aspect of the treatise given that the s witnessed a Europe wide inflation crisis. A summoner was a minor church official whose duty was to summon offenders to appear in ecclesiastical courts to stand trial for their offences against the church.

Already, by Fish's period, holders were highly suspect of corruption and accepting bribes. At the time c. Fish's point is that just one of the existing five orders of mendicant friars in England took some? These are parliamentary grants of taxation calculated based on one-fifteen of a person's annual income there was another valuation based on a tenth as well as customs duties paid annual to the king in the form of tonnage on wine and poundage on all other goods. This refers to one of two possible sources. Both tell the same tale, that of the fictional emperor's attempt to regain Gaul from Arthur.

Arthur and his army defeat the emperor, thereby adding Italy to his extensive continental holdings. Fish relates here the essential details of the origins of the Magna Carta. John refused to recognize the election and Innocent issued an interdict against England in , an excommunication order against John in , and encouraged Philip to invade in John backed down and went so far as to give England and Ireland over to the pope renting them back as a fiefdom for a yearly tribute of marks.

It is this to which Fish refers. This is part and parcel of Fish's various anti-clerical arguments. Here, clerical celibacy and sexual incontinence are said to have created the appearance of no less than , whores. At this point in the treatise, Fish has basically claimed that the clergy are a separate state within the state, subject to their own rules and regulations, indeed, taking power away from the temporal authority all the time.

His point here is that temporal law is ineffective. See, Joyce M Horn [ed. St Pau's, London [], pp. Foxe then continues with a selection of more disparate protestant works. The Evangelistrum enarrationes nuncupata. Included in Foxe's list at this point are several treatises by Philip Melanchthon. The first is his Dispositio orationis in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos of which two editions were available, an earlier edition of Hagenau and a edition Wittenberg. Melancthonis and the third his Solomonis sententiae The De authoritate, officio et potestate Pastorum Ecclesiasticorum, ex Phil.

The second is his Annotationes in Johannem and the third is his Annotationes in Evangelium Matthaei. On this last, two possibilities exist as there was a edition and a Strasbourg edition. Here the list includes three Martin Bucer treatises and then ones by Johannes Brenz. The second is Bucer's Epistola D. Pauli Epistolam ad Ephesios Now, according to the study of Peter Stephens, this refers to the much neglected publication of Bucer's Strasbourg lectures of the s see Peter Stephens, 'The church in Bucer's commentaries on the Epistle to the Ephesians', in D F Wright ed.

Then it mentions Johannes Brenz var: These treatises are In divi Luce Evangelium Commentarii of which there is a edition from Strasbourg, Commentarii de Prophetia, Eruditione et Linguis, deque Litera et Spiritu , Commentarii in Regulam Minoritarum, et contra universas perditionis Sectas , Eiusdem libellus de differentia Stimuli carnis Satanae nuncii et ustionis , Commentarii in Cantica Canticorum Salomonis, libellum quidem sensibus altissimis, in quo sublimia sacri conjugii mysteria, quae in Christo, et Ecclesia sunt, pertractantur , Commentarii in Amos, Abdiam, Et Ionam Prophetas , and Commentarii in IV ultimos Prophetas, nempe Sophoniam, Aggeum, Zachariam et Malachiam The list continues with some of the works of Johan Wessel more accurately Wessel Harmensz Gansfort , a nominalist theologian of the fifteenth-century , born in Groningen and often called 'lux mundi' or 'light of the world' by later protestant commentators due to his so-called pseudo- or proto-humanism and interest in the three biblical languages.

Foxe had already mentioned him earlier in the martyrology approvingly. In Martin Luther paid tribute to Wessel with the publication of a collection of his works - Praefatio in Iohannis Wesseli et aliorum ad ipsum epistolas. The tracts mentioned here are: The list then includes some of the works of John Pupper of Goch, a monk of Mechlin, works which were never published in his lifetime but which were later prohibited by the Council of Trent. According to a biography by David C Steinmetz, little is known of Pupper besides his founding of an Augustianian convent at Thabor.

He was the author in the late fifteenth-century of four theological treatise against scholastic theology and traditional monastic theory the value of vows. His works were edited into a publishable edition in , which led Luther and others to consider him a forerunner of the reformation due to his stance in support of sola scriptura see David C Steinmetz, '"Libertas Christiana": Studies in the Theology of John Pupper of Goch d.

Joannis Gocchii, nunquam ante hac excusa and Dialogus de quatuor erroribus circa Evangelicam legem exortis. The final treatises mentioned on the list are Johannes Oecolampadius, Quod non sit onerosa Christianis confessio paradoxon , written in support of the psychological benefits of confession to a priest or monk.

Then comes Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, Super coelibatu monachatu et viduitate axiomatic Foxe inserted this passage in the edition for the reason that he states 'how that we ought to haue the scripture in Englishe' ; it was then, however, dropped from later editions.


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The text was in fact the work of the Wyclif disciple, secretary and editor or 'glossator' John Purvey c. The text also includes a reference to the treatise of Boetius, entitled De disciplina Schotium cum notabili commento which was published in at the Deventer press of Jacobus de Breda. The true authorship of the work is in dispute, however, as another edition is extant, published in from the Strasbourg press of Georg Husner see Victor Scholderer, 'Conradus, Boetius and psuedo-Boetius', in Speculum 22 [], pp. There was certainly no scarcity of indexes of forbidden or condemned works at this time.

Bishops Fitzjames, Tunstal and Clerk twice had issued lists of heretical books, as had the Chancellor's office twice in - see, Susan Brigden, London and the Reformation Oxford, , p.

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Sometimes these lists are mixed up or wrongly credited. Foxe here describes two lists, of which the first is probably an official proclamation from the archbishop's office a Clerk list while the second is probably Stokesley's [However, cf. Tudor and Stuart Proclamations The works mentioned in this list include Simon Fish, The Supplicacyon for the Beggars ; a English publication, The Pope confounded and his kingdom exposed of Revelation of Antichrist a work of Martin Luther which featured a number of woodcuts on the proposition that Rome is the new Babylon and the pope is now the Antichrist , or alternatively John Frith, Revelation of Antichrist published at Antwerp in There were, of course, numerous treatises on the subject of Antichrist available.

The three other treatises mentioned here are Tyndale's The Parable of the Wicked Mammon - which is an 'elaboration and translation of Luther's exposition of the parable of the unjust steward' William A. For the 'Dialogue between the father and the son', There are several possible identifications. Menius, also known as Jost or Just Menig, was a Lutheran theologian, a student of Melanchthon's at Wittenberg, and had been heavily influenced in his opinions by Luther.

He was variously a teacher, preacher and official church visitor for Duke John of Electoral Saxony. The following work is Unio dissidentium; Libellus ex praecipuis ecclesiae Christianae doctoribus selectus, per venerabilem petrum Herman. Bodium , an anthology of patristic works addressing a number of reformation related topics e. Tyndale, in his disputations with Thomas More, made reference to a book entitled The Union of Doctors , which Foxe also seems to have appreciated. It is quite likely that this is the work to which he was referring. The Precationes Piae variis usibus, temporibus, et person is accommodatae was an anthology of prayers taken out of scripture, devotional poems and hymns.

The following treatise in the list is Martin Luther's famous Babylonian captivity of the church Then comes Huldrich Zwingli's notorious In catabaptistarum strophes elenchus The following work in the list probably refers to Wolfgang Capito, De pueris instituendis ecclesiae Argentinensis Isagoge which was translated into the English vernacular by William Roye in the same year. The next work is Johann Brenz var: Brentz or Brentius De administranda pie republica ac subditorum erga Magistratus justa obedientia libellus. Then comes a series of published works of Martin Luther, which include his famous Commentary on St Paul's Epistle to Galatians ; On the freedom of a Christian and A brief and sound explanation of the Lord's Prayer There were a number of lists of indexed books around this point in the early s and D'Alton has done some interesting research into the problem of separating them see Craig D'Alton, 'William Warham and English Heresy Policy after the Fall of Wolsey', Historical Research 77 [], pp.

Clerk's list of 29 November, although no longer extant, may well have been the basis of subsequent lists, as preserved in David Wilkins, Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae. London, , 3, p. From this, it is possible to reassemble the Clerk list. A great many Lutheran works, treatises and letters, seemed to have been in circulation in London at this time and several of these are listed here, along with an edition of John Wyclif's four treatises on church doctrine which had been collected together into a single volume. The many Luther works mentioned are A treatise on good works , Letter to Pope Leo X 30 May - which includes his Resolutions to the Ninety-five thesis - and De quatuodecim spectris - which was also known by the more formal title Tessaradecas Consolatoria pro laborantibus et oneratis and which was translated into German by Georg Spalatin.

This last was a pastoral work written as a comfort to the sick and was much praised by Erasmus, and translated into English STC Ambrosii Catharini defensoris Silv. Prieratis acerrimi, responsio M. In Ambrosius Catharinus Politus had been commission by Giulio de' Medici future Pope Clement VII to write a defense of the church against Luther which was eventually published as the Apologia of , in which Politus listed eleven ways in which Luther - identified as Antichrist - deceived the people.

The treatise mentioned here is Luther's rather angry response See Patrick Preston, 'Catharinus versus Luther, ', History , 88 [], This last may refer to the published edition of Luther's lectures of the period which was subsequently reprinted in a second edition of The final Luther work mentioned at this point is Operationes in Psalmos The problem with the many mentions made of Luther's commentaries in Foxe is that the works were spread out over a number of volumes see Richard Marius, Martin Luther: At all events, one other work mentioned on this list is list is Martin Borrhaus Cellarius , De operibus dei This treatise was published in Strasbourg and featured a preface written by Capito.

His book acknowledged the various justifications for temporal government, repudiated free will and spelled out a doctrine of election similar to Zwingli's. Here Foxe lists further Luther pamphlets placed on the lists of prohibited books in London in the early s. Besides the circulation of pamphlets created out of Luther's works and letters on such topics as feast days, good works, ceremonies, inner peace and other popular issues, treatises listed here are Luther's Church Postils - a collection of his sermons assembled as a guide to other preachers; his Commentary on Jonah , De votes monasticis M Lutheri iudicium , and a Latin translation of his Prayer-booklet of These and the following lists were dropped from the edition.

Foxe then lists a large selection of works by the Basel reformer Johannes Oecolampadius. Oecolampadius wrote two Apologies in ; the one on the list at this point is to Theobald Billican who had sided with Luther against Karlstadt on the doctrine of the Eucharist but later changed his mind in a letter addressed to Oecolampadius on 16 January Next comes his De non habendo pauperum delectu, Io.

Oecolampadii Epistola utilisssime [or A most useful epistle of J Oecolampadius on not holding collection for the poor ]. The other Apology of was addressed to Urbanus Rhegius. Also on the list are Oecolampadius' commentaries In postremos tres prophetas, nempe Haggaeum, Zachariam, et Malachiam and De genuine verborum Domini, "hoc est corpus meum" juxta vetustissimos autores expositione Oecolampadius had later reinforced this later piece around the time of the Marburg colloquy with a number of citations taken out of the Greek and Roman fathers, work which so impressed Melanchthon that he began to distance himself from Luther's Eucharistic doctrine thus creating the schism in the Lutheran ranks which would explode in the s.

Included on the list are his Friendly exegesis or Exposition of the matter of the Eucharist to Martin Luther which was published in , Commentary on Isaiah - which may have appeared in London appended to Zwingli's Apology on the Canon of the Mass This seems to have been an edition to which were attached a number of Zwinglian commentaries on St Paul's Epistle to the Corinthians which are found in his Epistola of c.

His scripture translations also formed a basis for Calvin's own works. The work mentioned here probably therefore refers to a collection of Juda's annotations on the text of St Paul's Epistle to the Philippians along with some excerpts of Zwingli's own studies. This is followed by Zwingli's Ad Carolum Rom.

The final two works are Zwingli's Responsio to the letters of Theobald Billican and Urbanus Rhegius and his Certeyne precepts declaring howe the ingenious youth ought to be instructed and brought unto Christ This section is a number of treatises by Johannes Bugenhagen, the Lutheran reformer of a number of towns in Northern Germany and Scandinavia.

Those listed are Annotations upon the ten Epistles of Paul - or here as Annotationes Johannis Bugenhagii Pomerani in Epistolas Pauli ad Galatas, Ephesios, Philippenses, Colossenses, Thessalonicenses, primam et secundam which may be referring to the second edition of Mentioned here are two works of Conrad Pelikan, a humanist and scholar of biblical languages and Judaic scholarship.

The two treatises are his Explicatio brevis, simplex, et canonica libelli.


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    4. Ruth, ea forma qua totius veteris test. In concentrating upon the prohibition of the circulation of the scriptures in English, issued by Cuhbert Tunstall on 23 October not 24 October , as Foxe states were crystal-clear. She wrote to Eliot all about this extraordinary encounter with the writer they mutually admired, enumerating the specifics that in her mind made it clear it was not hoax. The disease is spread when they cough or sneeze and aerosol droplets containing bacteria are breathed in by others.

    The disease was a major killer in the UK in the 19th and early 20th century. The reality is that there is far more than one way of writing. The New Yorker promotes all of these many forms, showcasing not just one type of good writing but all of its guises. Puis, je suis devenu boulimique: N- That has to be the worst question to ask a bookworm like me. Yours Truly, Shell lists and comments several Jane Eyre quotes. Saturday, September 15, Raising the Roof. Saturday, September 15, Representatives from Bradford Council and the University of Bradford were this month due to discuss the project in Qingdao, China, while accompanying a Leeds City Region delegation to explore investment relationships with the second largest economy in the world.

    There are definite plans to make this happen, but of course it might take years. Fortunately, you can listen to them on a video, because if you were to read them Some of you may be fans of best-selling author Frances Brody, who writes murder mysteries, set in s Yorkshire, featuring Kate Shackleton, First World War widow turned detective. Marisa will guide workshop participants through the differences between writing online and print content, finding the right tone and style and engaging with readers.

    We also have tickets left for the Sunday morning self-editing workshop with novelist Emma Darwin, where participants will learn how to tackle that crucial second draft. We also have a handful of tickets left for our intimate Parsonage Unwrapped evening on Friday September To mark the centenary of partial female suffrage, this event focuses on the working lives of the women of the Parsonage in the 19th century — both the Bronte sisters and their servants.

    And our free Tuesday talk on October 2 focuses on Critical Responses to Wuthering Heights, so join us to learn what all the fuss was about when the novel was first published, and how critical opinion has shifted through the decades. One such hero is the scholar-activist Dr. She is a voracious reader: It is a phenomenal contribution to the English speaking world for a better understanding of the Sunni, Shia and Sufi Quranic translation and commentary tradition.

    The performance is due to be broadcast on TV this autumn. We read in The Guardian: Creepy romances in Bustle: Jane Steele by Lyndsay Faye. Yes, Jane Eyre is classic and all, but have you considered Jane Eyre It stars our titular Jane, who's out to right the wrongs of England's have-nots. But when Highgate House seeks a governess, she must find a way to possess the mysterious Charles Thornfield without revealing too much of her all too bloody past. If England were a screen character, it would have been a movie matinee idol for most of the last millennium: But as the 20th century wore on, its star billing faded.

    The way the characters are built to create an atmosphere similar to Wuthering Heights is fantastic. Kylie Knott Stop this wedding! In Standard Media Kenya: Each time, I have been in a different stage of life, the most recent as a woman who once walked down a similar aisle.

    They are historical icons in the literary world and have paved the way for many female authors. Need tips for surviving the nearly hour flight? Our editors shared their tricks that make the getting there just a little more enjoyable. As for what to do?

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    So glad you asked: With 11 hours to spare, you've got enough time to watch Paddington 2 Rotten Tomatoes score of percent, thank you very much six times, catch up on the entire first season of Game of Thrones , or read Jane Eyre cover to cover. Thy Lyre posts about Jane Eyre. From Station to Station. A special event takes place today, September 16, in the Knutsford Promenades Festival Elizabeth, her husband William Gaskell and two of their daughters are laid to rest in the graveyard. Jane Eyre in Seattle. Friday, September 14, More reviews of Wasted today.

    The Guardian gives it 4 out of 5 stars. Charlotte, Emily and Anne di d not live fast or love hard, even if they did die young through ill health. Those biographical facts have not stopped the makers of Wasted from reincarnating them as eyeliner-wearing metal-heads with plenty of Romantic spirit.

    Dressed in 19th-century governess dresses, they headbang their life stories to a live rock band, and at times camp up their tragedies. Strangely, it works — partly because of the fantastically witty book and lyrics by Carl Miller. His words carry their learning lightly, but there is enough depth of characterisation and scholarship to save the piece from cliche. Its success is also down to the cast, both in how they inhabit their parts and their vocal strength.

    Siobhan Athwal steals the show as Emily, the twitching, death-obsessed nihilist who looks like a cross between Alice Cooper and Kate Bush. Morgan is comically narcissistic but not nearly dissolute or brutish enough. Barnes exudes confidence but isn't afraid to show her flaws when Charlotte becomes controlling; even though Morgan's Branwell means well, he is cocky and brash while he briefly stands in the way of his sisters' dreams; Anne's caring but tough attitude is conveyed by Lynch in heartfelt tones; and Athwal's bearing recalls Helena Bonham Carter's Bellatrix Lestrange.

    Music is at the centre of the scene throughout the show: As they enter, the actors plug in their microphones to the outlets in the middle of Libby Todd's wooden stage, a large square made out of wooden planks. The lighting design by Matt Daw and Sam Waddington is focused and gives the already energetic vibe the last spur of stamina. A live four-piece band plays at the back, removed from the action but part of it nonetheless.

    Power ballads are scattered around a tireless and catchy score. They build a well-rounded hymn to writing and perseverance in adversity, elevating the writers to examples by showing the obviously dramatised reality behind the wordsmiths. Essentially, Wasted is an anthem of independence and creativity while simultaneously pays its humble respects to struggle and hard times. Cindy Marcolina Time Out gives it 3 stars out of 5. You could, for example, stage a very small rock gig. With book and lyrics by Carl Miller and music by Christopher Ash, it is the opposite of hagiography.

    Books for Badger marked it as to-read Jun 14, Helen marked it as to-read Jul 25, Meghan marked it as to-read Dec 01, Belinda Burger marked it as to-read Jan 25, John added it Jun 14, Dragonr marked it as to-read Dec 25, Debbie marked it as to-read Feb 08, Angelia marked it as to-read Apr 22, Kellie Demarsh marked it as to-read Jan 22,