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Humanities Books. The serpent symbol and the worship of the reciprocal principles of nature in America [Hardcover]. Compare Products. You have reached the maximum number of selection. You can select only upto 4 items to compare. View Order. Free Installation. Hover to zoom. Sold Out! Be the first to review. We will let you know when in stock. Thank you for your interest You will be notified when this product will be in stock. I agree to the. Terms and Conditions. How It Works? IMEI Number. Exchange Discount Summary Set was the snake which endured forever and punished wicked souls in hell Budge, ut sup.
A huge snake thirty cubits long was believed to live in the "mountain of the sunrise. So through the myths of other peoples runs the trail of the serpent. In India the sky snake Vritra or Ahi keeps away the rain that would break the drought, and is slain by the arrows of Indra; Rudra is the destroyer of serpents; Devi assumed this form to carry Vishnu through the deluge. The Scandinavian myth of the Midgard serpent which girdled the earth with its tail in its mouth comes readily to the memory Prose Edda, sqq.
In Symbolism: 1. In religious art this animal has an important place throughout the world. With its tail in its mouth, sometimes combining the disc, probably uniting two ways of representing eternity or endless time, it appears among the most unrelated nations—in Egypt, Persia, India, China, and Mexico. The employment of an effigy or representation of the animal to designate a deity or sovereign as sacred is common in both Egypt and India, and Persius Satire, i.
Ephraim George Squier (1821-1888)
No country employed the emblem more consistently and abundantly than Egypt, where it appears in the head-dress or crown or about the person elsewhere of gods and monarchs, apparently only to emphasize deity and kingship. Especially abundant is the use of the serpent in the "Book of that which is in the Underworld" cf. Budge, ut sup. Here the solar disc and serpent from the prow guide Ra's boat, twelve gods carry the serpent Mehen to the East, preceded by two cobras carrying crowns, while the four-footed serpent cf.
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The Mithraic bas-relief of Apulum, Dacia, shows on the bottom border the serpent which surrounds the world F. Cumont, Textes et monuments, p. A Mithraic cameo shows on the reverse two serpents twined about wands, a third forming the wood of a bow, and a fourth forming the string, and on the obverse two snakes extended. A Mithraic leontocephalous Kronos has about him a number of serpents, and in another found at Flor-.
The plaques of the bull-slaying Mithra show snakes in various positions cf. Cumont, Mysteries of Mithra, pp. In India the spectacled cobra is naturally most frequently represented, especially as an attendant upon deities. The god may, however, simply repose on the coils of the animal, or may be enfolded within them; or the serpent may form the adornment as necklace, armlet, or girdle, or may be held in the hand. In this region it also appeared among the decorations of the approaches to temples and palaces H.
Ward, American Antiquarian, xx. Gressmann, Altorientalische Texte und Bilder, ii. There come readily to mind the caduceus of Hermes in Greece, and the staff of AEsculapius twined with a single serpent. At Gournia in Crete the modern excavations have brought to light a goddess' image with serpents coiled about her; one at Cnossos is in the embrace of three, while a fourth projects its head above her tiara, and at Palaikastro a goddess holds a threefold serpent in her arms.
It is but natural that the animal should appear on the coins of many cities. Thus a Tyrian coin carries a tree between two pillars or mazzeboth, and a snake twines about the tree; another coin bears the caduceus and also an altar, from the front corners of which snakes emerge; still another represents the Tyrian Hercules contending with the serpent; a coin of Berytus has a nude man or god between two snakes which form a single coil; and numerous coins bear designs which are but variants of these. Among cities which employed this animal on their coins, Pella and Adramyttium are representative.
In Folk-lore: No better illustration of the right of folk-lore as a handmaiden to the study of religion is furnished than in the body of common notions which gather about the serpent. This branch points the way to an understanding of many of the features already exhibited in the foregoing discussion of worship, mythology, and symbolism.
These several ideas may be contemporaneously current in the same region; that is, it may be conceived that the serpent is both the protector and the enemy of man at the same time and place. As an illustration of the wisdom of the serpent cf. Ainus pray to it for a woman in labor, and for help against ague.
It is often regarded as knowing and applying the properties of healing herbs. Pliny xxv. In India the same belief obtains, also that in its nests it preserves a stone which is a remedy for its own bite.
Ephraim George Squier ()
Calabar one means of ordeal is the fang of a snake introduced beneath the eyelid T. Hutchinson, Impressions of West Africa, London, The part of the snake as guardian of the tree of life in widely variant cycles has already been noted—of this the garden of the Hesperides is but one case; in India it is regarded also as the guardian of hidden treasure, and Kipling makes use of this in his Jungle Book.
It is supposed to secrete in its own head a valuable jewel, and even has one which it worships. The belief in it as protector of the household existed not only in Egypt cf.
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Lane, Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, i. The idea of the connection of the serpent with fertility is world-wide. Sometimes, as in India, its action is adverse, and it restrains the showers till killed or forced by a god to release them. It is accredited with power over wind and rain, and in Chile was held to have caused the deluge. Yet in the Deccan offerings and prayers. On the other hand, it may be regarded as malevolent, as when the Hurons see in it the cause of disease, Australian tribes regard it as bringing death into the world, and the Puma Indians as the source of kidney and stomach troubles in children.
So St. Patrick drives it from Ireland, Rudra is its destroyer in India, Buddha in infancy strangles one, as does Krishna, while Hercules kills two. In the Troad there was a tribe sprung from a serpent Strabo, xiii. The reverse relation is held as true, and after death a man's soul may inhabit the body of a snake for cases among the Africans consult E. Tylor, Primitive Culture, ii.
It was constantly associated with tombs, and thence doubtless with the underworld, with which in part may be connected its repute for wisdom. In the Japanese Nihongi a hero is made to reappear in serpent form to take vengeance upon his murderers.
Buxtorf, Exercitationes ad historiam, pp. Menken, Schriften, vi.
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Smith, Journal of Philology, ix , ; W. Ward, American Antiquarian, xx , ; J. Frazer, Golden Bough, ii. Zapletal, Der Totemismus und die Religion Israel, pp. On the worship, etc. Deane, The Worship of the Serpent Traced throughout the World, London, most later books cite Deane, but his work is to be used with the greatest caution ; H.
Schoolcraft, Notes on the Iroquois: Antiquities and general Hist. Schoebel, Le Mythe de la femme et du serpent, Paris, ; H. Clarke and C. Ward, in Bibliotheca Sacra, xxxviii , ; J. King, The Gnostics and their Remains, ib. Serpent Worship, privately printed, connects serpent-worship and phallicism ; C. Oldham, in Royal Asiatic Society's Journal, , pp. Fewkes in Reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology, xvi , , xix , ; Pausanias, ed. Frazer, 6 vols.
Crawley, Mystic Rose, pp. Reinach in Gazette des beaux-arts, III. Frobenius, Das Zeitalter des Sonnengottes, vol.