Guide Managing Goat Nutrition What You Need To Know A Simple Guide (Goat Knowledge Book 5)

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Table of contents

This recent fact has increased demand for goat meat in these areas [ 19 ]. They represent a set of interacting elements, managed by the farmer, according to their objectives.


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The farmer will define the objectives influenced by the social environment in which he is inserted, his degree of technical knowledge, and the available production factors [ 20 , 21 ]. Several authors consider that the general and strategic management approaches are applicable to agricultural enterprises and those who apply them are more successful [ 22 , 23 ].

Goat Farming Cost And Profit Pdf

The application of strategic management concepts helps to design the way the farmer will achieve the objectives, and it is convenient to know the strengths and weaknesses, the opportunities and the threats [ 24 , 25 ]. A caprine production system has production subsystems, whose performance influences the overall results, for example, the forage system; if there are nutrient deficiencies in the soil, its production is lower, and then, the animals may not have adequate feed to their needs.

The increase in the meat and milk ruminant production has been much greater than the increase in the pasture area, mainly because this increase was due to the increase of mixed or landless production systems intensive systems than to the pastoral or extensive systems [ 26 ]. Increasing livestock production to provide food to the growing human population has increased the potential to cause environmental problems, and the balance between the environment and livestock production is now a concern.

It is important to avoid an increase of grazing land and arable land for crops production to feed the animals, with the consequent reduction of areas of natural vegetation, soil and air contamination. Overgrazing also leads to several bad consequences like high amounts of animal excretions and overuse of natural pastures with low productivity and with high risk of soil degradation, especially in the arid and semiarid regions of the tropics and subtopics [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. The terms equilibrium, disequilibrium, and nonequilibrium are commonly used and can be understood by equilibrium when the animal population and forage resources are under stable climatic conditions.

Otherwise, climatic variations disturb the system, causing disequilibrium, which differs from nonequilibrium, represented by modifications in vegetation due to changes in the proportion in the plant species or where the dynamics of the animal population is disassociated with key factors that determine their survival, and their survival is maintained through feeding supplementation [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Goats are opportunistic feeders, the time they spend on grazing species depends generally on the relative frequency of encounters, but this relationship depends on species of vegetation and habitat visited [ 34 ].

Goats also have high energetic efficiency in milk production, excellent utilization of marginal lands, a very strong flocking instinct and a docile behavior, which enables herding by children and elders [ 35 , 36 ]. Farmers tend to have mixed herds of sheep and goats as a strategy to maximize the use of environmental resources [ 37 ]. Small ruminants in many traditional systems in the Mediterranean basin are the main source of red meat for human consumption [ 38 ], while in Northern Europe, in addition to meat, the milk, wool, and skin were also the main products [ 39 ].

However, with development for a market agriculture, meat has become the main product in the sheep sector, while in the goat sector milk has been, and still is, the main product while meat is secondary in most cases followed by skins and hair [ 40 ]. These products are mainly consumed regionally, constituting market niches with low international visibility. Often, small ruminants, especially goats, are extensively produced using the poorest land, shrubland, and forest areas where other species cannot survive [ 41 ].

Extensive systems are characterized by large areas to feed the animals, with a low animal density. It uses soils of poor agricultural ability, located in mountainous areas with large rainfall or in areas of low rainfall, sometimes with extreme temperatures. There is a use of natural resources, made by autochthones goat breeds that are perfectly adapted to the environment, very rustic, but with low productivity. The goat production in this extensive system uses family labor, often as a second source of income for families. The goat milk is obtained for family consumption or for cheese to sale.

However, the sale of the kid goat is the main reason for this production. In the Southern Mediterranean, this product is very appreciated and valued, mainly in the Easter and Christmas seasons. Usually, the number of animals produced is low and they are usually raised under climate adversities, where probably there are no shelters, no food supplementation and also often these animals have hygienic sanitary problems, which leads to poor economic results. It turns out that the use of natural pastures can be done in two ways, a mobile grazing system and a sedentary grazing system.

Frequently bought together

The first is characterized by annual or seasonal movements of the animals with the shepherd to new places in search for feed, and while sedentary grazing, the animals are driven freely to pastures near the farm, usually keeping the animals at night in the stable. This modality is currently disappearing due to sanitary issues and also because of the greater easiness to feed the animals through the purchase of commercial feeds. Although the extensive production is not very productive, it is of great importance regarding the maintenance of the rural landscape and with the aim of the biomass management that avoids the occurrence of forest fires, and where the goats are well adapted to take advantage of these feed resources.

The use of goats in extensive systems can be valued by the quality products. In Europe, many of them have protected designation of origin PDO and the protected geographical indication PGI which are certified to attest the traditions and specific product qualities, strongly linked to a certain region. The awareness of society about the damaging effects of intensive livestock systems has changed the methods and aims of researchers and even research centers, trying to focus on improving system sustainability instead of increasing productivity [ 45 ]. Intensification is often associated with a decrease in grazing dependence and an increase in the use of concentrated feeds, mainly cereals, to supplement natural feeds.

At the same time, improved and balanced feeding practices together with improved breeds in ruminant systems enabled more efficient feed ratio conversion to meat and milk production rather than to maintenance of the animals [ 28 ]. The intensive system implies a high density or animal concentration per area unit, under reproductive and sanitary control, and the feeding process includes advanced technologies.

Sometimes, some farms seasonally require higher feed and labor resources such as through the calving season and milk production, so the supplementing of animals with concentrated feed may be needed at this point, but the remaining year is mainly grazing. In order to meet the feed requirements of animals in an intensive system, pastures must have high dry matter yields per hectare, good growth throughout the year, in both regions with regular rainfall or holdings with irrigation systems, without extremes of heat or cold temperatures.

It is important that the breeds used in the intensive system have a high fertility and growth rates than the adaptability to the environment, that is, the rusticity.

The equilibrium with the environment can easily be compromised by the insertion of exotic breeds, as well as with exotic or genetically modified plant species. The intensive use of natural resources may lead to their depletion and increase the environment pollution, having serious social consequences.

Goats are well adapted to harsh environments but can also be used in intensive systems with permanent housing, as is happen with many farms for milk production. Here too, mainly because these farms are usually in regions with weak resources, they use less labor but with higher qualifications, with the danger of triggering a process with social negative consequences, namely with soil erosion, high risks of fire and depopulation.

Also industrial production can replace the artisanal production, losing ancestral traditions and biodiversity. Note : Adapted from Refs. In several regions, namely in Africa and Asia, goats are the most important source of meat and milk to feed very large populations with scarce income. But these animals also contribute to a sustainable farming, a very ecological way of living which enables to use their waist to fertilize crop fields, control and prevent fires by forest grazing. Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers.

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A Simple Guide to Raising & Milking Goats

Edited by Sadashiv S. We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books.

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Downloaded: Abstract Goats have always been considered very useful animals. Keywords goats production systems milk meat. Introduction Goats were among the first farm animals to be domesticated. Material and methods To prepare this theme, a documentary research was carried out to analyze world goat products and its production systems. The origin The origin of the current goat breeds is not clearly known.

Debunking some Myths:

Milk production Unfortunately and unfairly, the dairy goat is still considered in some regions as the cow of the poor. Meat production Goat meat is widely consumed in developing countries. Models of goat production systems 6. Extensive goat production systems Extensive systems are characterized by large areas to feed the animals, with a low animal density. Intensive goat production systems Intensification is often associated with a decrease in grazing dependence and an increase in the use of concentrated feeds, mainly cereals, to supplement natural feeds.

Main differences between intensive and extensive production systems.

Goat System Productions: Advantages and Disadvantages to the Animal, Environment and Farmer

How to cite and reference Link to this chapter Copy to clipboard. Available from:. Over 21, IntechOpen readers like this topic Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers Suggest a book topic Books open for submissions. More statistics for editors and authors Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications. Access personal reporting. More About Us. That apart a sheep gives us wool while a goat does not.

Let us help you plan your next event at the Complex with our exceptional staff. Farm land owners and cattle owners can benefit from trading and selling cattle for beef, as well as other products, such as milk, hide, and other related farm products.