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Table of contents
- Aspen a base for changing attitude about altitude
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- Assessing human-environmental impacts on Colorado's 14,foot mountains
There are several dams along the Platte. Arkansas River The Arkansas River headwaters is one of the better known systems in Colorado simply because of its reputation with fly fishing, rafting and proximity to the Sawatch Fourteeners. The Arkansas River is used for pretty much everything under the sun: recreation, agriculture, farming, drinking water etc.
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- Assessing human-environmental impacts on Colorado's 14,000-foot mountains.
However, of special note concerning the Arkansas It's thought that the Arkansas now contains an additional , cubic yards of mine tailings from these discared mines on the lower slopes of peaks such as: Mt. Sherman, Peerless and Finnback Knob. It exits via Pueblo in a southeast direction. Pikes Peak Drainage The Pikes Peak Drainage though technically, a continuation of the Arkansas is distinguishable enough to separate it. The canyon and placers in between Salida and Pueblo drain the whole region, Fountain Creek and Beaver Creek being the most notable. Beaver Creek drains to the east It eventually exits into the Arkansas between the towns of Penrose and Pueblo.
Fountain Creek originates on the northern slopes near Woodland Park and drains away towards the southeast Colorado Springs. It eventually merges with Monument Creek before joining into the Arkansas near Pueblo. This general vicinity loosely seperates from the Sangre de Cristo to the south. This area is astoundingly beautiful, just rugged enough to support a healthy population of bighorn sheep, elk and bear and yet, remain accessable enough for anglers and hikers. It flows south through the lower valley of the Kawunechee paralleling Trail Ridge Road.
From here, it is let loose again to flow through Gore Canyon, Kremmling and into the impressive Glenwood Canyon. Because so many in the desert states depend on the Colorado for drinking water and irrigation, the Colorado is highly regulated and litigated.
Aspen a base for changing attitude about altitude
It is a constant source of dispute for MANY principalities, cities, counties for access and useage. The following section details some of the formations one would encounter while driving or climbing.
Pikes Peak Granite Fountain Foundation In the Colorado region, the molten rock that was spewed during the continent-forming epoch, finally cooled. It formed what we call the Precambrian Pikes Peak Granite an igneous intrusion. Over the next million years, little is known about changes in the sedimentation sediment deposition after this granite was produced. Roughly around — million years ago, the region began to sink and sediments began to deposit in the empty, hollowed-out space.
After the volcanic activity died away, a large mass of molten magma was left underground. Because the magma was buried about 2 miles underground, it took thousands of years for it to cool. This ended up creating the [mostly white] granite batholith that we now see on the slopes of Pikes Peak and other areas throughout the Front Range. Sedimentation would continue to take place until about million years ago. The granite is typically dominated by a various composition of feldspar, quartz and biotate mica.
About million years ago, the 'magmic' sinking suddenly reversed and the sediment-covered granite began to uplift thus giving rise to the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. Over the next million years the Pennsylvanian age , the mountains would continue to erode and cover themselves in their own sediment. Wind, gravity, rainwater, snow, and ice-melt supplied rivers that ultimately carved through the granite mountains and eventually led to their demise. The sediment from these mountains lies in the Fountain Formation which, is very rich and abundant in pink feldspar.
Those of us whom have climbed at Red Rocks or Garden of the Gods knows how crumbly the rock can be Lyons Sandstone Lykins Sandstone At million years ago, sea levels were low and present-day Colorado was part of the super-continent Pangaea. Sand deserts covered most of the area spreading as dunes seen in the rock record These dunes which, are basically fossilized, appear to be cross-bedded and show various fossil footprints and leaf imprints in many of the strata making up this section.
Lyons Sandstone forms a gradual but definite boundary with the Fountain Formation. The Lykins Formation consists of fine-grained sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, red shale-beds and limestone. The depositional aquatic environment was probably an inter-tidal zone in an epicontinental lagoon with shallow pools of hypersaline water. There are only sporadic outcrops of the Lykins Formation exposed.
Fortunately, the entire section can be seen at the US Highway 24 roadcut Morrison Formation Dakota Sandstone The Morrison Formation is famous for its dinosaur fossils, which have been collected for more than a century beginning with a find near the town of Morrison, Colorado in It is especially known for its sauropod tracks and sauropod bones among other dinosaur fossils. Radiometric dating indicates that the Morrison Formation is between million and million years old.
The sediments in the Morrison Formation include multicoloured mudstones, sandstones, conglomerates as well as minor amounts of limestone and clay. The sediments were derived from western mountains, such as the Sierra Nevada range, that were uplifted during Late Jurassic time. There are also numerous volcanic ash beds within the formation that have been used to date the deposits through radiometric techniques. Some sediments in the lowest portion of the Morrison Formation are marine in origin, but the majority of the sediments were deposited along rivers, streams, lakes, mudflats, swamps, and alluvial plains that covered the western interior of North America during the Late Jurassic.
Sheets of ripple marks can be seen on some of the strata, confirming the shallow-sea environment.
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The Dakota Sandstone tends to form the top-most layers of the hogbacks, usually in a north-south direction, of which is so popular for top-roping. Ripple and current marks are also usually evident again, of an aquatic environment. Named for exposures studied near old Fort Pierre, S. The Pierre Shale consists of about 2, feet of dark gray shale, some sandstone, and many layers of bentonite altered volcanic-ash falls that look and feel much like soapy clays.
In some regions the Pierre Shale may be as little as feet thick. Archelon, the Cretaceous sea turtle fossil and largest known turtle species, has been found in the Pierre Shale of South Dakota. The shale is rich in marine fossils and is solidly indicitive of an ocean environment. This medium thickness strata contains fossils and bones from dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops.
While the forests and lower vegetation, dinosaurs, and other organisms thrived, their reign would come to an end at the Cretaceous—Paleogene boundary which is also known as the K-T boundary. Like just about everywhere else in the world, Colorado literally burned to the ground in the aftermath of the meteor impact off the coast of the Yucatan. A rather inconspicuous clay layer devoid of fossils but rich in extraterrestrial iridium, impact-shocked quartz grains and elemental carbon char marks the K-T boundary all over the globe Denver Formation.
In Colorado, the K-T clay and char crops out in only a few locations in the south, including a road cut on I between Trinidad and Raton, where it's all of cm thick—not much to show for a global catastrophe. It's also exposed at the south end of Lake Trinidad west of Trinidad in a 5 cm white clay over coal layer The uplifted Front Range continued to constantly erode and, by 40 million years ago, the range was once again buried in its own rubble.
Castle Rock Conglomerate Quartanary Deposits 37 million years ago, a great volcanic eruption took place in the Collegiate Range and covered the landscape in molten hot ash that instantly torched and consumed everything across the landscape. An entire lush environment was capped in a matter of minutes with 20 feet of extremely resistant rock However, as seen before, life rebounds, and after a few million years mass floods cut through the rhyolite and eroded much of it as plants and animals began to recolonize the landscape.
The mass flooding and erosion of the volcanic rock gave way to the Castle Rock Conglomerate that can be found up and down the Front Range. Eventually, at about 10 million years ago, the Front Range began to rise up again and the resistant multi-colored Pikes Peak Granite in the heart of the mountains, thrust upwards while the weaker sediments deposited above it eroded and were carried away.
Quaternary sediments are commonly recognized in the field by their lack of consolidation into rock and by association with landforms representing processes of deposition. The fossils in these deposits are very similar to modern life-forms but they may represent evidence of cooler or perhaps sometimes warmer climates. Quaternary sediments are most easily distinguished in temperate latitudes where glacial or periglacial processes held sway.
Till is a distinctive type in many locations.
This poorly sorted mix of debris contains a fine matrix enclosing outsized pebbles, cobbles, boulders, and sometimes rock types carried from distant locations. As the Front Range continued to rise however, streams and recent glaciations 16, years ago during the Quaternary Age literally unburied the range by cutting through some of the weaker sediment and giving rise to the granitic peaks that are present today. This was the last step in forming the present-day geologic sequence and history of the Front Range. Meeker is a very slabby, granite peak.
It has a number of excellent alpine climbing routes. Silverheels is named in honor of girl who died from smallpox while taking care of smallpox-stricken miners. Bierstadt to the west of Guanella Pass. It makes for a great winter peak and has ' of prominence. This was due to the mines in the area. Argentine Peak is an easy summit to hike usually along with Square Top and Mt. An unassuming name doesn't help of course.
Bald Mountain is located near the town of Breckenridge.
Assessing human-environmental impacts on Colorado's 14,foot mountains
It presents with 2,' of prominence! Both peaks have great views of the I corridor below and of Grays and Torreys Peaks to the southeast. It's located just north of Mt.