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Paul Hammer's new book Elizabeth's Wars clearly reflects this development in the field of military history, and shows how it has come to affect the study of British​.
Table of contents

Was Queen Elizabeth really a mechanic during World War II?

At this time, English privateers had been looting Spanish ships and ports for almost 20 years, while Elizabeth refused to condemn them or return the booty. These attacks on Spain's wealth were a direct challenge to Spain's maritime and colonial monopoly in the Americas.

Elizabeth of York

The stakes were further raised in when Elizabeth pledged English support for the Dutch struggle for independence from their Spanish masters. For his part, Philip had authorised attacks on English seafarers for years, had been involved in a number of the conspiracies to replace Elizabeth, and had been encouraging an Irish rebellion against England. Elizabeth avoided outright war with Philip for many years. Philip, a cautious man, saw France as a greater danger until , but then began to consider how to address the persistent threats facing his empire from the defiant English upstart. It was Mary's execution, the regicide of a Catholic monarch, that finally brought matters to a head.

At the Pope's urging, Philip stepped up his preparations for an invasion of England.


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Philip planned a two-pronged attack to conquer England. Spain's 'Invincible Armada' included over of the biggest ships in the world, making it the largest fleet ever seen. The plan was to sail from Spain up the English Channel to Flanders, where it would collect a huge land army raised by the Duke of Parma, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands.

The Armada would then land this army on the Kent coast, and it would march on London and free the nation from Queen Elizabeth and her government.

The road to war

Thanks to the extensive spy network assembled by Walsingham, intelligence about the impending invasion was available almost as soon as the plans were laid. The collections at Royal Museums Greenwich offer a world-class resource for researching maritime history, astronomy and time. Elizabeth I: the road to war. Tensions rise between England and Spain England, the upstart Protestant nation with its 'heretic' Queen, had been a thorn in the side of King Philip II of Spain for some time, before he finally decided to act in The road to war At this time, English privateers had been looting Spanish ships and ports for almost 20 years, while Elizabeth refused to condemn them or return the booty.


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  • Planning the Spanish Armada Philip planned a two-pronged attack to conquer England. Now France was in civil war it was preoccupied with its own issues and no longer posed a threat — so the alliance between Spain and England was not necessary anymore. Spain supported Catholic plots There was evidence of Spanish support for plots to restore Catholicism to England, particularly involving getting Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne and Elizabeth off.

    Elizabeth secretly supported the Dutch rebels because she knew the Dutch revolt would keep the Spanish too busy to threaten England. For the first time English and Spanish armies were fighting each other.

    Elizabeth’s War with the Christmas Bear by Norman… | Poetry Foundation

    England and Spain were now at war. The importance of the Netherlands At this time, the Netherlands were ruled by Spain, but it was also an area that was geographically close and vital for English trade, especially wool and cloth. Religious differences. Spain was a Catholic country and England a Protestant country — meaning that the two rulers had conflicting spiritual outlooks and allegiances.

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    Marriage rejection. English sailors like Hawkins and Drake attacked and stole treasure from Spanish ships in the New World. The civil war in France. France was the traditional enemy of both England and Spain, meaning that they united together against the country. Spain supported Catholic plots. There was evidence of Spanish support for plots to restore Catholicism to England, particularly involving getting Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne and Elizabeth off.

    The Dutch Revolt.


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    • Protestants in the Netherlands began a revolt against Spanish rule in In , Elizabeth sent an army to help the Dutch rebels fight Spain.