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Table of contents
- What is intersectionality, and what does it have to do with me?
- Prejudice Toward Relationships | Psychology Today
- YW Boston Blog
Personal Strategies for Improving Human Relations. If We All Work Together. Special Challenges in Human Relations. You Can Plan for Success.
What is intersectionality, and what does it have to do with me?
The Influences of Group Membership. Conformity Compliance. Prejudice Stereotypes. The Common Thread of Humanity. Altruism and Prosocial Behavior. Competition Justice and Cooperation.
- Introduction.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica; Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and - Google หนังสือ!
- A review of neuroimaging studies of race-related prejudice: does amygdala response reflect threat?!
- What is intersectionality, and what does it have to do with me? | YW Boston.
For each participant, bilateral amygdala activity to European Americans was subtracted from activity to African Americans and plotted as a function of age. A positive correlation was found between bilateral amygdala response to African American-European American faces and age, suggesting that the differential activity develops during childhood.
Furthermore, the authors showed that this correlation was being driven by the relationship between activity to African American faces and age, since there was no correlation between age and activity to European American faces. Interestingly, the authors examined whether the racial diversity of participants' peers would also modulate the response pattern of the amygdala. They found that greater peer diversity was associated with attenuated right amygdala response to African American faces, suggesting that more racially homogenous peer groups relate to greater amygdala response to African American faces.
However, once more, without implicit measures of bias we cannot evaluate whether this pattern of race-related amygdala modulation is indicative of more prejudicial beliefs. In adult human subjects, Bickart et al. As they intimate, this trend toward deconstructing social functions into processes subserved by distinct brain networks would enable future research to better consider relationships between brain function and cognitive phenomena of interest in both healthy and clinical populations.
Such an approach may also allow longitudinal measurement of the development of prejudice in children. Moreover, in this instance, research should seek to identify the amygdala networks engaged in differential activation when viewing stimuli varying in threat or racial group membership. Social psychological research on prejudice has shown that the social-cognitive factors underlying perceiver differences in prejudice are not irreparable, particularly in young children and adolescents Hewstone et al.
While there are many approaches to bias reduction, many focus on increasing the quantity and quality of intergroup contact.
Prejudice Toward Relationships | Psychology Today
In particular these include: increasing the complexity of social categorizations by highlighting superordinate and dual group memberships Van Bavel et al. With this in mind, we offer suggestions for future research that would elucidate the nature of the relationship between the amygdala and implicit prejudice. We believe that is feasible to extend the work of Telzer et al. Firstly, is race-related amygdala modulation a predictor of implicit prejudice? While we have already discussed evidence in this vein earlier, studies often use less racially-diverse samples not including Latin, or Asian Americans , and suffer from a lack of statistical power.
Addressing these two issues, use of larger and more racially diverse samples would help clarify the relationship in question. This question would also require the addition of IAT measures to the Telzer et al. Secondly, is there a parallel developmental trajectory between race-related amygdala modulation and implicit levels of prejudice? If amygdala activity is indeed a predictor of implicit prejudice, one would expect to see a similar positive correlation between increased amygdala response to African American targets and higher levels of implicit prejudice. Finally, and perhaps most interestingly, does reducing implicit prejudice reduce amygdala activity?
Research using the IAT has shown that exposure to counter-stereotypic exemplars of a social group decreased bias in both the short- and long-term Dasgupta and Rivera, , as did asking participants to visualize counter-stereotypical exemplars Blair et al. It has also been shown that less prejudiced individuals show less amygdala sensitivity to outgroup faces Phelps et al.
However, a direct link remains elusive; no study has demonstrated that reducing implicit prejudice reduces race-related amygdala sensitivity. Directly testing this idea would only require a simple within-subjects contrast, achieved by measuring both implicit prejudice and amygdala response to African- and European American faces before and after bias reduction methods such as intergroup contact. Occasionally, researchers are presented with patients with very rare patterns of brain damage that can shed light on the function of brain areas.
Damage to the amygdala has been shown to impair the ability to recognize social emotions from facial expressions Adolphs et al. When compared with healthy participants, patients with bilateral amygdala damage reliably rate the perceived approachability and trustworthiness of strangers higher than do healthy controls Adolphs et al. Some 10 years later, the authors further clarified this deficit, suggesting that it results from an inability to utilize threat-relevant information communicated by the eyes of others Adolphs et al.
Patient SM Adolphs et al. Patient SM could not identify the emotion of fear in pictures of human faces, and was unable to draw a fearful face despite identifying and drawing other happy, sad, angry, or disgusted faces Davis and Whalen, Interestingly, patients who sustain amygdala damage later in life show normal recognition of fearful faces.
Given that patient SM's damage arose very early in life, it has been suggested that the amygdala is necessary for the acquisition of knowledge about arousing aspects of negative emotions, rather than the retrieval of this knowledge Adolphs et al. A similar pattern of deficits also exists for racial bias. Patient SP still showed an implicit bias in IAT tests, suggesting that the amygdala is not critical for the indirect expression of race bias Phelps and LeDoux, In contrast, Santos et al. Appropriate caution, however, must be taken in any such inferences owing to the lack of specificity in underlying patterns of damage across patients with these conditions.
Nonetheless, such examples of amygdala patients expressing deficits in utilizing threat-related information, impaired recognition of fearful faces, and greater approach behavior toward strangers offer an interesting parallel to threat-related hypotheses of amygdala function. More recently, a group of subjects in South Africa were discovered to share a knock-out-of function mutation of the ECM1 gene resulting in selective bilateral damage to exclusively the basolateral region of the amygdala, leaving other amygdala regions functional and intact Morgan et al.
The van Honk group demonstrate interesting findings: patients with selective basolateral amygdala damage, but intact centromedial amygdala, invest nearly twice as much money in unfamiliar others in a trust game compared to healthy controls Van Honk et al. In another study Morgan et al. In combination, selective basolateral amygdala patient studies substantiate the argument that different amygdala subdivisions likely subserve different functions. In sum, the role of the amygdala in the neural correlates of prejudice has attracted clear interest, but little clarity. Here, we reviewed the social neuroscience literature on race-related amygdala activity against a backdrop of social psychological theories of prejudice and neuroanatomical knowledge of the amygdala.
Rather than the dominant interpretation that amygdala activity reflects a racial or outgroup bias per se , we argued that this pattern of sensitivity is best considered in terms of potential threat. While the amygdala is often involved in responses to threat, novel or untrustworthy faces, and ambiguity, this is not to say that all amygdala responses are driven by threat.
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The amygdala has also been found to respond to extremely positive stimuli Cunningham et al. In such non-threatening conditions, it is likely that other factors such as goal-relevance drive amygdala response. Combining state-of-the art neuroimaging in moderate population sizes with implicit behavioral measures of bias could provide conclusive evidence to support these assertions and we have offered specific experiments and predictions to this end.
Adam M. Chekroud and Miles Hewstone designed the review. Chekroud wrote the paper.
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- A review of neuroimaging studies of race-related prejudice: does amygdala response reflect threat??
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Chekroud, Jim A. Everett, Holly Bridge, and Miles Hewstone commented on and edited the paper at all stages. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors thank Drs. We also thank the editor and three reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the manuscript.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Front Hum Neurosci v. Front Hum Neurosci. Published online Mar Everett , 1 Holly Bridge , 2 and Miles Hewstone 1. Jim A. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Jan 17; Accepted Mar The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.
No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Prejudice is an enduring and pervasive aspect of human cognition. Keywords: amygdala, prejudice, neuroimaging, social neuroscience, implicit bias, threat. Introduction An emergent trend in modern psychology, spurred by the ability to non-invasively image the human brain and its neural activity, has focused on understanding how cognition is linked to neural function.