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Despite efforts to aid recovery, Eastern North Pacific blue whales faces numerous anthropogenic threats. These include behavioral disturbances and noise interference with communication, but also direct physical harm — notably injury and mortality from ship strikes.

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Factors leading to ship strikes are poorly understood, with virtually nothing known about the cues available to blue whales from nearby vessels, behavioral responses during close encounters, or how these events may contribute to subsequent responses. At what distance and received levels RLs of noise whales respond to potential collisions is difficult to observe. A unique case study of a close passage between a commercial vessel and a blue whale off Southern California is presented here.

This whale was being closely monitored as part of another experiment after two suction-cup archival tags providing acoustic, depth, kinematic, and location data were attached to the whale. The calibrated, high-resolution data provided an opportunity to examine the sensory information available to the whale and its response during the close encounter.

Complementary data streams from the whale and ship enabled a precise calculation of the distance and acoustic cues recorded on the tag when the whale initiated a behavioral response and shortly after at the closest point of approach CPA. In this encounter, the whale may have responded to a combination of cues associated with the close proximity of the vessel to avoid a collision. Long-term photo-identification records indicate that this whale has a long sighting history in the region, with evidence of previous ship encounters. Therefore, experiential factors may have facilitated the avoidance of a collision.

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In some instances these factors may not be available, which may make some blue whales particularly susceptible to deadly collisions, rendering efforts for ship-strike reduction even more challenging. The fine-scale information made available by the integration of these methods and technologies demonstrates the capacity for detailed behavioral studies of blue whales and other highly mobile marine megafauna, which will contribute to more informed evaluation and mitigation strategies.

This study provides a synthesis of current scientific evidence on the ecological and socio-economic effects of highly protected marine areas HPMAs , primarily in temperate waters. We identify critical interactions within and between ecological and socio-economic effects to help marine planners and managers make informed decisions about the trade-offs of alternate management actions or measures for MPAs. Much remains to be learned about the socio-economic effects of HPMAs.

Empirical evidence to date suggests that potential benefits cannot all be maximised simultaneously because potentially conflicting trade-offs exist not only between but also within ecological and socio-economic effects. Marine planners and managers must be able to evaluate the impact and distribution of trade-offs for differing management regimes; to make informed decisions about levels of protection required in MPAs to ensure sustainable use of marine resources and meet conservation objectives.

One of the main challenges remains providing evidence of the societal benefits from restricting use in these areas. Environmental DNA eDNA metabarcoding is a new approach for assessing marine biodiversity that may overcome challenges of traditional monitoring and complement both existing surveys and biodiversity assessments. There are limited eDNA studies that evaluate vertebrate biodiversity in the marine environment or compare patterns of biodiversity with traditional methods.

This study uses eDNA metabarcoding of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA genes present in seawater samples to characterize vertebrate biodiversity and distribution within National Marine Sanctuaries located in the California Current upwelling ecosystem. The epipelagic community in the study region has been monitored using traditional mid-water trawl and marine mammal survey methods since During and , we concurrently sampled the epipelagic community using traditional survey methods and water for eDNA analysis to assess agreement among the methods.

We collected replicate eDNA samples from 25 stations at depths of 10, 40, and 80 m, resulting in small volume 1 L environmental water samples to examine eDNA sequences. Across the eDNA and traditional survey methods, 80 taxa were identified.

Taxa identified by eDNA partially overlapped with taxa through trawl and marine mammal surveys, but more taxa were identified by eDNA. Diversity and distribution patterns of marine vertebrates inferred from eDNA sequences reflected known spatial distribution patterns in species occurrence and community structure e. During both years, we identified fishery taxa Sebastes rockfish , Merluccius hake , Citharichthys sanddab , and Engraulis anchovy across the majority of the stations using eDNA metabarcoding.

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The marine vertebrate assemblage identified by eDNA in was statistically different from the assemblage and more marine mammals were identified in than in Differences in assemblages identified by eDNA were coincident with different oceanographic conditions e. In , weak upwelling and warmer than average conditions were measured, and vertebrate assemblages were not different among ecological regions [Point Reyes, Pescadero, and Monterey Bay].

While in , average upwelling conditions returned, vertebrate assemblages differed at each region. This study illustrates that eDNA provides a new baseline for vertebrate assessments that can both augment traditional biomonitoring surveys and aid our understanding of changes in biodiversity.

Here we review the literature on seaweed responses to MHWs, including 58 observations related to resistance, bleaching, changes in abundance, species invasions and local to regional extinctions. More records existed for canopy-forming kelps and bladed and filamentous turf-forming seaweeds than for canopy-forming fucoids, geniculate coralline turf and crustose coralline algae. Turf-forming seaweeds, especially invasive seaweeds, generally increased in abundance after a MHW, whereas native canopy-forming kelps and fucoids typically declined in abundance.

We also found four examples of regional extinctions of kelp and fucoids following specific MHWs, events that likely have long term consequences for ecological structure and functioning. Although a relatively small number of studies have described impacts of MHWs on seaweed, the broad range of documented responses highlights the necessity of better baseline information regarding seaweed distributions and performance, and the need to study specific characteristics of MHWs that affect the vulnerability and resilience of seaweeds to these increasingly important climatic perturbations.

A major challenge will be to disentangle impacts caused by the extreme temperature increases of MHWs itself from co-occurring potential stressors including altered current patterns, increasing herbivory, changes in water clarity and nutrient content, solar radiation and desiccation stress in the intertidal zone.

With future increases anticipated in the intensity, duration and frequencies of MHWs, we expect to see more replacements of large long-lived habitat forming seaweeds with smaller ephemeral seaweeds, reducing the habitat structure and effective services seaweed-dominated reefs can provide. Marine heatwaves MHWs are extreme climatic events in oceanic systems that can have devastating impacts on ecosystems, causing abrupt ecological changes and socioeconomic consequences.

Several prominent MHWs have attracted scientific and public interest, and recent assessments have documented global and regional increases in their frequency. However, for proactive marine management, it is critical to understand how patterns might change in the future. Significant increases in MHW intensity and count of annual MHW days are projected to accelerate, with many parts of the ocean reaching a near-permanent MHW state by the late 21st century.

Comparison with simulations of a natural world, without anthropogenic forcing, indicate that these trends have emerged from the expected range of natural variability within the first half of the 21st century.

Based on these projections we expect impacts on marine ecosystems to be widespread, significant and persistent through the 21st century. Marine heatwaves MHWs are extreme ocean warming events that can have devastating impacts, from biological mortalities to irreversible redistributions within the ocean ecosystem. MHWs are an added concern because they are expected to increase in frequency and duration.

To date, our understanding of these extreme ocean temperature events is mainly limited to the surface layers, despite some of the consequences they are known to have on the deep marine environment.

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In this paper, using data from sea surface temperature SST and in situ observations from Argo floats, we investigate the anomalous water characteristics during MHWs down to m in the western Tasman Sea which is located off the east coast of Australia. Only shallow events show a relationship between surface temperature anomalies and depth extent, in agreement with a likely surface origin in response to anomalous air-sea fluxes.

By contrast, deep events have greater and deeper maximum temperature anomalies than their surface signal mean of almost 3. They predominantly occur within warm core eddies, which are deep mesoscale anticyclonic structures carrying warm water-mass from the East Australian Current EAC. This study highlights the importance of MHWs down to m and the influence of oceanographic circulation on their characteristics. Consequently, we recommend a complementary analysis of sea level anomalies and SST be conducted to improve the prediction of MHW characteristics and impacts, both physical and biological.

The negotiations aim to strengthen the international legal framework for the protection and management of the global ocean by addressing gaps in the current framework and building on existing obligations under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea UNCLOS to cooperate to protect and preserve the marine environment and conserve marine living re- sources.

That narrow band of complete darkness is only ever visible in a few locations around the globe.

But this year, on 2 July , it falls across one of the most beautiful places in South America — the lush winelands and valleys south of Buenos Aires, Argentina. No matter where you see it, a total eclipse is a wonder; here it is truly breathtaking.

See it : The total eclipse will be visible in Chile and Argentina on 2 July. For details of a tailor-made trip to see it, visit pura-aventura. For more information, go to chile. It is one of the most exclusive wildlife experiences in the world, with only a handful of people able to witness it each year — and one of the most endearing sights. In mid- February , hundreds of new cubs emerge simultaneously, exploring the icy world for the first time, slipping on the snow, playing, learning how to hunt and survive in this extremely inhospitable environment.

Sea ice levels are declining at alarming rates, and polar bears depend on ice for survival. The bears are literally losing the ground beneath their feet. Since then, tourism has taken its toll, with the marks of millions of visitors diminishing its grandeur. The Valley of the Kings holds 63 mausoleums in total in its vast necropolis stretching across the red desert, including the elaborately painted tomb of Ramesses VI and the vast subterranean chambers of Sety I.

Visit egypt. In September , the oldest human drawings ever recorded were found in Blombos Cave, miles east of Cape Town. Created about 73, years ago, these simple cross marks etched in ochre, like some kind of primeval hashtag, blow away previous estimates by more than 30, years. Drawings such as these represent the birth of human creativity and symbolic thinking, marking a turning point in evolution when we began to transcend our animal instincts and expand our imagination.

The Blombos Cave proves that this process started far earlier than previously thought possible. Learn more about these fascinating excavations at the Blombos Museum of Archaeology. See it : The Blombos Cave is currently closed to the public due to ongoing excavations, but you can visit nearby Blombos Museum of Archeology in Stilbaai hesva. Keep scrolling to see the Seven Wonders of the World from The 50 most beautiful places in the world.

Extraordinary photos of the tallest volcano on every continent. The most colourful places in the world. The Great Barrier Reef , located on the Queensland coast of north-eastern Australia , is the largest living structure on the planet.