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This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world , and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations.

Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity individual or corporate has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. But beyond this, several fortuitous factors helped Fredericksburg to survive, to wit: 1 the peace treaty with the Penateka Comanche Indians in the spring of ; 2 the establishment of the Mormon community of Zodiac four miles southeast of Fredericksburg on the Pedernales River in ; and 3 the assistance and guidance provided by the Delaware and Shawnee Indians, who traded for valuable bear oil, wild game, and animal skins, and who acted as intermediaries with other Indian tribes, particularly with the Comanche tribes; 4 logistical support supplied largely by Nassau Plantation in Fayette County; and 5 the opening of the road to Austin.

Friedrichsburg presents all these situations vividly and entertainingly, and although the book offers a romanticized and, in this sense, a sanitized version of the immigrants' travails, I maintain that it contains historically accurate depictions of people and events that have been largely overlooked in other accounts of the period.

The novel also invites us to reevaluate the role of Dr. Schubbert, as Friedrich Armand Strubberg was known at the time in Texas. Schubbert has come to be regarded as a scoundrel, a swindler, or worse; his positive contributions have been essentially excised from history books and public consciousness. I would argue that a reinterpretation is in order.

Friedrichsburg

To be sure, Dr. Schubbert had his faults: he was clearly an extremely narcissistic individual who could play fast and loose with the facts when it suited his purposes or when it supported his own self-image. These shortcomings, however, should not obscure his significant accomplishments and the important role he played as the colonial director of Fredericksburg during the foundation years of and Before substantiating these assertions, I will first briefly outline the historical conditions that motivated German immigration to Texas, the hopes entertained by their sponsors, and the lack of information and preparation that led to near disaster for the immigrants themselves.

I will also present an overview of the life of Friedrich Armand Strubberg and his historical connection to the Society for the Protection of German Emigrants in Texas and to the town of Fredericksburg.


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This will be followed by a short discussion of Strubberg's life, post-Fredericksburg, and his subsequent career in Germany as an author of adventure novels based largely on his experiences on the Texas frontier. I will conclude with a discussion of the historically significant events depicted in the novel. The root cause of German emigration in the nineteenth century was overpopulation, which in turn exacerbated other emerging stresses of a political, economic, and religious nature.

A clear upward trend in population growth began in and continued throughout the nineteenth century. In about 25 million people inhabited the areas that became the German Reich after By , this figure had grown to almost 68 million. This astounding increase was due in part to improved sanitation practices and the introduction of childhood vaccination; Germans now lived longer, married earlier, and had larger families.

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About three-quarters of the population still lived on the land at the beginning of the nineteenth century, but the agrarian way of life was becoming more difficult to sustain since in many regions primogeniture left younger siblings with little or no property.

Even where laws enabling equal division between heirs prevailed, each succeeding generation had less land to divide among ever more descendants. In most areas of Germany, land ownership and tenure continued to be governed by a system of late-feudal privileges, which compounded these problems.

Because Central Europe lagged fully fifty years behind England in industrial development, virtually no new jobs or occupations were created by modern industrialism to absorb the excess population. Craftsmen continued to produce shoes, clothing, and other artifacts of life and trade within a system regulated by closed guilds Zunftwesen rooted in practices dating from the Middle Ages even as cheaper, mass-produced items from England began to flood the continent and render these products less competitive. Given these conditions, it is not surprising that many hundreds of thousands of Germans chose emigration to the New World as a solution to the lack of opportunity in their homeland.

The Life and Works of Friedrich Armand Strubberg

Of the It is not possible to provide such detailed statistics for Texas, since the port of entry records for Texas disappeared in the great Galveston hurricane of , but much can be inferred from the census and other sources. From the census, it appears that about 20 percent of the white population of Texas was of German descent, and two Texas towns were of almost exclusive German citizenry, New Braunfels and Fredericksburg, ranked fourth and seventh in population, respectively.

Texas began to attract attention as a possible goal for emigrants while still a province of Mexico. A glowing letter written by a German immigrant in who had settled in Texas created a sensation after it was passed along among friends and relatives in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg. Friedrich Ernst moved to the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas in , where he applied for and was granted a league of land 4, acres in the rolling hills of South-Central Texas.

He and his family then settled on the banks of Mill Creek in a region that was still essentially frontier. His letter portrayed Texas as a veritable paradise. The meadows have the most sumptuous stands of grass … The soil is so rich it never requires fertilizing … The climate resembles that of lower Italy during the summer. The cows calve without assistance. The letter also stated that, by comparison, the rest of the United States no longer offered the opportunities that it had in the past. In his new home, Ernst was owner of an entire league of land, an awesome treasure to behold.

Moreover, the land had virtually been given to him for the asking by the Mexican government. His life in Texas, as Ernst reported it, was unproblematic and pastoral, indeed idyllic.

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Other than perhaps Archduke August himself, did any man in Oldenburg own that much land? Ownership of such magnitude was invariably associated with social status, privilege, and nobility—not with ordinary people. Consequently, his letter struck a chord that would in time motivate scores of Germans to seek a new life in what was soon to become the Republic of Texas. One of the first to respond to the Ernst invitation was the extended von Roeder family. Father, mother, and five grown sons with wives made the move in They settled on the sandy plain near the San Bernard River and named their community Katzenquelle, later anglicized to Cat Spring.

It became a magnet for others who filtered in singly or as family groups. The disruptions caused by the Texas war of independence from Mexico, which broke out in October , only temporarily halted the influx of new arrivals. After the defeat of Santa Anna and the Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto April 21, , the trickle became a flood, and soon several distinctly German communities coalesced in South-Central Texas; these were little islands of transplanted German culture and language in a sea of predominantly Anglo settlement, places with names like Cat Spring, Millheim, Cummins Creek, Biegel's Settlement, and Industry.

The struggle for independence and the aggressive and expensive Indian policies of the republic's second president, Mirabeau B. Lamar, had left the Republic of Texas teetering on the brink of financial collapse. Above all, the young republic needed settlers to infuse new cash and increase the tax base. In recognition of this reality, President Sam Houston, upon assuming the presidency for the second time in , sought to encourage European emigration as a means to hasten the development of Texas.

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In January the Texas Congress empowered the president to offer conditional title to vast tracts of land as an inducement to entrepreneurs who would agree to settle specified numbers of colonists within a set time on vacant lands. The law echoed the empresario system by which Stephen F. Austin had established the original Anglo colony in Texas.

Under this arrangement, empresarios entered into a contract with the Mexican government to introduce certain numbers of settlers in a given period of time. Mexican authorities issued land titles to the settlers directly and upon satisfaction of the terms of the contract rewarded the empresarios for their time, effort, and expense with enormous tracts of land proportionate to the number of settlers introduced.

This time, however, three of the four grants were issued to European entrepreneurs. Resurrection of the land grant system held out the possibility of enormous financial gain for those who could secure a colonization contract and who had the energy and resources to fulfill its terms, a fact quickly noted by entrepreneurs on both sides of the Atlantic. One group in Germany was quick to respond to the republic's offer.

In the spring of , twenty German noblemen and one noblewoman convened at the residence of Adolph, duke of Nassau, in Biebrich on the Rhine in response to an invitation from Christian, count of Leiningen. The corporation they formed was convinced it had the means and will to fashion a program of important national significance whereby the opportunities of Texas could supply an answer to the frustrations of Germany. They also hoped to enhance the prestige of that particular class of German noblemen to which nearly all of them belonged, namely the Standesherren , and also to increase their personal wealth by speculating in inexpensive Texas land.

They adopted the official name Der Verein zum Schutze deutscher Einwanderer in Texas , which is usually shortened to Adelsverein , or Society of Noblemen. In scope and audacity, the plan they adopted holds a unique and dramatic position in the history of immigration to the New World in the nineteenth century. The Adelsverein proposed to settle German emigrants in the Fischer-Miller grant, one of the four land grant contracts issued under the Colonization Act of This grant was defined as the confluence of the Llano and Colorado Rivers to their sources with a line drawn between these two points to form the western boundary.

It was an enormous area encompassing many millions of acres. Except for a few hardy adventurers, no Anglo had laid eyes upon it. Certainly, none of the officials of the Adelsverein had visited the area. They had relied on hearsay and anecdotal accounts, which, like Ernst's letter, painted the region as the most beautiful and fertile area of the republic—accounts that, sadly, turned out to be utterly false. The area, moreover, was the winter hunting grounds of the Penateka, or Southern Comanche, the most warlike of the Texas Indians and a tribe determined to resist encroachments into their hereditary hunting grounds.

In the Adelsverein advertised for emigrants throughout Germany, promising acres of free land and agreeing to provide food, shelter, and tools to the settlers for the first year in Texas or until the first crop was harvested. Thousands responded, and soon the main arteries leading to the North Sea, the Rhine, and the Weser and Elbe Rivers saw boatloads of emigrants making their way to the port cities of Amsterdam, Bremerhaven, and Hamburg. In the fall of , the first chartered sailing ships began arriving in Galveston and at Indianola on Lavaca Bay, the vanguard of what was to amount to over eight thousand individuals.

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In chapter 2 of Friedrichsburg , Strubberg gives a nice synopsis of the origins of the Adelsverein and the causes of German emigration. He is careful never to directly criticize the noblemen in Germany directly, averring instead that they were misled by Henry Francis Fischer, who had sold them his land grant contract with the Republic of Texas. Carl, prince of Solms-Braunfels, had been sent over in the summer of to make preparations for the first shiploads of emigrants, which began arriving in the late summer and fall of that year.

The prince quickly realized the practical impossibility of transporting and settling the new settlers into the Fischer-Miller grant, which lay beyond the north bank of the Llano River about two hundred miles to the north. Consequently, in the spring of , he bought from the estate of Juan Martin de Veramendi, former Mexican governor of Coahuila y Tejas, two leagues of land in a beautiful valley east of San Antonio at the confluence of the Comal and Guadalupe Rivers.

He named the town after his own family. The idea was to form a home base and staging area away from the coast and closer to the grant area, where the settlers could assemble and await the next move into the grant the following year. New Braunfels was also the headquarters for the Adelsverein 's bureaucracy in Texas, which had grown to over twenty individuals by Strubberg is very deferential to Prince Solms-Braunfels in Friedrichsburg and praises him for the wonderful location of the town he established.

In the novel, Strubberg often refers to the town as simply "Braunfels" rather than the more common "Neu [New] Braunfels," and the translation retains this convention, when used. In the novel, Strubberg often refers to the Direktion , or bureaucracy, in Braunfels, and the opening scene begins with the young German hero, Rudolph, carrying dispatches from Braunfels to Fredericksburg.

Meusebach considered it his first duty to fulfill the terms of the Fischer-Miller contract, which required that the grant area be surveyed by September 1, , and six hundred emigrants settled by January 1, To facilitate the movement of emigrants into this area, he purchased ten thousand acres four miles north of the Pedernales River on the old La Pinta Trail in the spring of Named for Friedrich, prince of Prussia, one of the charter members of the society, the new town was situated about seventy miles to the northwest of New Braunfels, but still lay forty-five miles below the southern boundary of the Fischer-Miller grant in present-day Gillespie County.

Meusebach needed a director for his new colony on the Pedernales, someone who combined force of personality and administrative skills with experience on the Texas frontier. In the spring of , he made the acquaintance of Friedrich Armand Strubberg, aka Dr. Schubbert, and offered him the position.