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Seventy years after the partition of India and Pakistan, survivors from both sides recount stories of horror.
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• Site Information Navigation
• The Great Divide
• How Pakistan is using language to deny the horrors of Partition
• How Pakistan is using language to deny the horrors of Partition

Refugees walked in caravans to try and get across the border.

Thousands of women were also kidnapped. One estimate puts the total at around 75, women. Men and families were also choosing to kill their own women rather than have them die at the hands of the other. It is unimaginable horror.

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Yasmin Khan, Associate Professor of History at Oxford University, and author of 'The Great Partition' draws on her research and family recollections to deliver the powerful story of partition. Watch Now. I met someone who was 16 when partition happened. Now, his story is just one example of violence, and I should say that it was happening both ways — Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs were all doing the same thing.

You have to remember that these families lived together in joint household. The eldest of the family decided that rather than letting their daughters fall prey to Muslims and being raped and murdered by them, that they would kill them themselves. All the girls were put into a room and I was told that the girls bravely stepped forward to be beheaded by their father. The Hindu and Sikh men who were hiding there had erected a series of defences around the house, including a wall and a moat. The use of selective language, of particular words and symbols, is a powerful way to mold memories and understandings.

By imposing or depriving citizens of specific words, of the tool of language, states are able to construct identities, meanings and experiences that fit national projects. To call it anything else in Bangladesh can invite charges of anti-state behaviour, just as calling it Liberation or Independence in Pakistan would.

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In India, it is unacceptable to refer to the part of Kashmir under its control as anything but Jammu and Kashmir. The open and ongoing resistances against the Indian state by Kashmiris who challenge Indian rule and view India as an occupying force are dismissed.

By insisting that the territory is referred to as Jammu and Kashmir, the apparatus to express this view is snatched away. In Myanmar too, there has been an active effort by the state to deprive the Rohingya community of their ethnic identity and their claim to the land by insisting that the Rohingya people should not be referred to by that name. By making the community nameless, the state can deny them the right to the land, the language to express their grievances, and the world recognition as a persecuted community, facing genocide.

The forced use of particular terms or the silencing of certain other terms like Partition, taqseem , Rohingya, Indian-administered or Occupied Kashmir successfully suppress indigenous voices, sentiments and aspirations.

States are able to reign in elements that may question state policies, histories and ongoing violence perpetuated in the name of security. Through this politicisation of language, attempts are made to try to reconstruct national identities, sidelining the very citizens that often helped create and sustain these nation-states.

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This article first appeared on Dawn. Wikimedia Commons The word taqseem is commonly used by Partition survivors to refer to the events of Nasim Fatima had a "very happy childhood" in Karol Bagh in Delhi. I was hit over the head and I still have a scar from the attack.

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Mohindra Dhall, who now lives in Scotland, was a young boy when his family had to flee his hometown in Layallpur, present-day Faisalabad, which was located on the Pakistan side of the border. Speaking to an international news channel, Dhall, now in his 70s, recounted how his family decided to leave their home after they heard reports of lootings and killings in the nearby villages.

He says they had only a few hours to pack up their belongings and leave the town. Dhall recalled how his family had failed to board a train to India as it was too crowded. People were sitting on the roof of the train and were jostling for the tiniest space available. The views expressed by the author are personal and do not in any way represent those of Times Network.

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