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At a crucial moment, lack of trust in a president can be deadly. Analysis By Gloria Borger, CNN Chief Political Analyst. Updated PM ET.
Table of contents

• Why you should care
• Political violence
• Political discourse can be deadly | Red Pepper
• How India's last Communist CM misread the political wind

Studies show particulate matter levels did go down at choke points.

Why you should care

Cut to a few weeks ago. AAP rolls out odd-even again and a defiant BJP MP rides into the heart of the city in an odd-numbered car on an even-numbered day in protest. The directive has brought temporary relief but is also deeply unsustainable and classist. What the highest court has done is force poor people, once again, to shoulder the burden of environmental accountability, while putting them at risk of punitive action. The past five years have seen vicious reprisals against indigenous defenders, bright lives reduced to statistics in Global Witness reports.

These indigenous people resisting encroachments, such as large-scale deforestation by big coal, are on the frontlines of the battle against climate breakdown. Many of their strongest advocates have allegedly been spied on. While big polluters can fund political parties using electoral bonds, which are effectively anonymous, organisations such as Greenpeace have been crippled by Modi-imposed funding restrictions.

But urban climate movements are wising up. This week, Delhi mothers and sanitation workers stood together with banners screaming BullshitNoMore. Seven of the 10 most polluted cities in the world are in India.

If the nation is to breathe better and survive the crises at its door, it could use a whole lot more irreverence and unlikely alliances — holding to account governments that do not consult the worst-affected on decisions that affect us all. There can be no climate justice without equality — locally, intergenerationally and internationally. Terrorism can be directed by non-state actors against political targets other than the state e. Stabbing attacks at gay pride parades in Jerusalem , Charlie Hebdo shooting. Because terrorism is a tactic often used by the weaker side of a conflict, it may also fall under violence between a state and non-state actor.

While there lacks a concrete definition of terrorism , the United States Department of Defense however defines terrorism as, "the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. The use of force by an organized armed group, be it a government or non-state group, which results in the deaths of civilians. According to the Human Security Report Project , a campaign of one-sided violence is recorded whenever violence against civilians committed by one group results in at least 25 reported deaths in a calendar year.

One form of political violence is genocide. Genocide is commonly defined as "the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic , racial , religious , or national group", [5] although what constitutes enough of a "part" to qualify as genocide has been subject to much debate by legal scholars.

The Holocaust is the most cited historical example of genocide. Torture is the act of inflicting severe pain whether physical or psychological as a means of punishment, revenge, forcing information or confession, or simply as an act of cruelty. Torture is prohibited under international law and the domestic laws of most countries in the 21st century.

It is considered a human rights violation and is declared unacceptable by Article 5 of the UN Declaration of Human Rights. Signatories of the Third Geneva Convention and Fourth Geneva Convention have officially agreed not to torture prisoners in armed conflicts. National and international legal prohibitions on torture derive from a consensus that torture and similar ill-treatment are immoral, as well as impractical. Organizations such as Amnesty International and the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims monitor abuses of human rights and reports widespread violations of human torture in by states in many regions of the world.

Capital punishment is the sentence of death upon a person by the state as a punishment for an offense. This does not include extrajudicial killing , which is the killing of a person by governmental authorities without the sanction of any judicial proceeding or legal process. The use of capital punishment by country varies, but according to Amnesty International 58 countries still actively use the death penalty, and in , 23 countries carried out executions and 67 imposed death sentences. Methods of execution in included beheading, electrocution, hanging, lethal injection and shooting.

Police brutality is another form of political violence. It is most commonly described in juxtaposition with the term excessive force. Police brutality can be defined as "a civil rights violation that occurs when a police officer acts with excessive force by using an amount of force with regards to a civilian that is more than necessary". Famine can be initiated or prolonged in order to deny resources, compel obedience, or to depopulate a region with a recalcitrant or untrusted populace.

At least one of the warring parties involved is the government of a state. These can range from poverty and inequality to unemployment and government oppression.

They can manifest themselves in a number of ways but most commonly in the form of property damage. Riots are characterized by their lack of predictability and the anonymity of their participants. Both make it difficult for authorities to identify those participating.

Riots have been analyzed in a number of ways but most recently in the context of the frustration-aggression model theory, expressing that the aggression seen in most riots is a direct result of a groups frustration with a particular aspect of their lives. There are also a number of different types of riots including but not limited to police riots, race riot , prison riots , and sport riot.

Also known as an intrastate war, a civil war is a war fought within the same state or country between organized groups. Less commonly, it can also be fought between two countries that have been created from one previously unified state. Often these conflicts involve one group wishing to take control of a region or expressing dissatisfaction with the government. There is typically a desire to overthrow the existing power or at least change some of their policies.

Counter-insurgency , another form of political violence, describes a spectrum of actions taken by the recognized government of a state to contain or quell an insurgency taken up against it.

Because it may be difficult or impossible to distinguish between an insurgent, a supporter of an insurgency who is a non-combatant , and entirely uninvolved members of the population, counter-insurgency operations have often rested on a confused, relativistic, or otherwise situational distinction between insurgents and non-combatants. Counter-insurgency operations are common during war , occupation and armed rebellions.

How India's last Communist CM misread the political wind

War is a state of organized, armed, and often prolonged conflict carried on between states , nations , or other parties [19] [20] typified by extreme aggression, social disruption, and usually high mortality. It is estimated that , people died due to war each year between and Scholarship and data suggests that violence has declined. Since World War II , there has been a decline in battle deaths and since the Cold War , there has been a decline in conflict.

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Recently, armed conflict has begun to increase as political violence in the Middle East and Africa begins to increase. UCDP defines armed conflict as conflict that involves the government of a state which "results in at least 25 battle-related deaths in one calendar year. In their overview of armed conflict, UCDP has found that the number of armed conflicts in the world has decreased since the end of the Cold War, yet, there has been some recent upward trends. Recently, the conventional wisdom that violent conflict has declined is being challenged. Some scholars argue that the current data, focus on the number of battle deaths per country per year, are misleading.

Tanisha Fazal argues that wars have become less fatal because of medical advancements that help keep more people alive during wars. Therefore, the battle death threshold used by the UCDP and other organizations to determine cases of armed conflict is misleading. A conflict "that produced 1, battle deaths in will likely produce many fewer overall casualties where casualties, properly understood, include the dead and wounded than a conflict with 1, battle deaths today.

Bear F. Braumoeller argues that looking at data on per-capita death is a "misleading and irrelevant statistic" because it does not tell us how wars actually happen. Braumoeller creates a new metric for conflicted called the "use of force", which is the number of militarized dispute that reaches at least a level 4 on the 5-point Correlates of War Militarized Interstate Dispute scale. He finds that use of force has held steady from the s through the First World War , but after World War I the use of force has steadily increased. Braumoeller creates another metric called "uses of force per relevant dyad", which is the use of force between neighboring states or states with one major power.

Additionally, he finds that the rates of conflict have remain steady over the past two hundred years and the slight increases and decreases in use of force are random. In , UCDP estimates that , people were killed in organized violence, which is the highest fatality count in the post-Cold War period. Additionally, there were 40 armed conflicts active in 27 locations in the world.

This is the largest number of conflicts reported since Regionally, Asia had the largest amount of violent conflict at 14, followed by Africa at 12, Europe at six, Middle East at six, and the Americas at two. During that year, four new conflicts began, all of them in Ukraine. The move would also have them splitting their time between the U. We understand their desire to take a different approach , but these are complicated issues that will take time to work through. Log In Subscribe Free Trial. Sunday, January 12, Latest Paper.

Trudeau during his press conference, said the plane's departure was 'very standard,' as satellite data has indicated. But the plane later lost contact,. The Hill Times photograph by Sam Garcia. Follow - bpaez hilltimes. Jan 9, Citing intelligence sources, Trudeau says Ukrainian airliner may have been unintentionally struck by Iranian missile.

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