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Table of contents
Each semicircular canal has a bulbed end, or enlarged portion, that contains hair cells. Rotation of the head causes a flow of fluid, which in turn causes displacement of the top portion of the hair cells that are embedded in the jelly-like cupula. Two other organs that are part of the vestibular system are the utricle and saccule. These are called the otolithic organs and are responsible for detecting linear acceleration, or movement in a straight line.
The hair cells of the otolithic organs are blanketed with a jelly-like layer studded with tiny calcium stones called otoconia. When the head is tilted or the body position is changed with respect to gravity, the displacement of the stones causes the hair cells to bend. The balance system works with the visual and skeletal systems the muscles and joints and their sensors to maintain orientation or balance.
For example, visual signals are sent to the brain about the body's position in relation to its surroundings. These signals are processed by the brain, and compared to information from the vestibular and the skeletal systems. An example of interaction between the visual and vestibular systems is called the vestibular-ocular reflex. The nystagmus an involuntary rhythmic eye movement that occurs when a person is spun around and then suddenly stops is an example of a vestibular-ocular reflex.
This figure shows nerve activity associated with rotational-induced physiologic nystagmus and spontaneous nystagmus resulting from a lesion of one labyrinth.
Thin straight arrows--direction of slow components; thick straight arrows--direction of fast components; curved arrows--direction of endolymph flow in the horizontal semicircular canals: AC--anterior canal, PC--posterior canal, HC--horizontal canal. When balance is impaired, an individual has difficulty maintaining orientation. For example, an individual may experience the "room spinning" and may not be able to walk without staggering, or may not even be able to arise.
Some of the symptoms a person with a balance disorder may experience are:. Some individuals may also experience nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, faintness, changes in heart rate and blood pressure, fear, anxiety, or panic.
Kissing and your health
Some reactions to the symptoms are fatigue, depression, and decreased concentration. The symptoms may appear and disappear over short time periods or may last for a longer period of time. Infections viral or bacterial , head injury, disorders of blood circulation affecting the inner ear or brain, certain medications, and aging may change our balance system and result in a balance problem. Individuals who have illnesses, brain disorders, or injuries of the visual or skeletal systems, such as eye muscle imbalance and arthritis, may also experience balance difficulties. A conflict of signals to the brain about the sensation of movement can cause motion sickness for instance, when an individual tries to read while riding in a car.
Some symptoms of motion sickness are dizziness, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and generalized discomfort. Balance disorders can be due to problems in any of four areas:. Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo BPPV --a brief, intense sensation of vertigo that occurs because of a specific positional change of the head. An individual may experience BPPV when rolling over to the left or right upon getting out of bed in the morning, or when looking up for an object on a high shelf. The cause of BPPV is not known, although it may be caused by an inner ear infection, head injury, or aging.
Labyrinthitis--an infection or inflammation of the inner ear causing dizziness and loss of balance. Perilymph fistula--a leakage of inner ear fluid to the middle ear. It can occur after head injury, physical exertion or, rarely, without a known cause. Diagnosis of a balance disorder is complicated because there are many kinds of balance disorders and because other medical conditions--including ear infections, blood pressure changes, and some vision problems--and some medications may contribute to a balance disorder.
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A person experiencing dizziness should see a physician for an evaluation. The primary physician may request the opinion of an otolaryngologist to help evaluate a balance problem. He or she will usually obtain a detailed medical history and perform a physical examination to start to sort out possible causes of the balance disorder. The physician may require tests to assess the cause and extent of the disruption of balance.
The kinds of tests needed will vary based on the patient's symptoms and health status. Because there are so many variables, not all patients will require every test. Some examples of diagnostic tests the otolaryngologist may request are a hearing examination, blood tests, an electronystagmogram ENG--a test of the vestibular system , or imaging studies of the head and brain. The caloric test may be performed as part of the ENG. In this test, each ear is flushed with warm and then cool water, usually one ear at a time; the amount of nystagmus resulting is measured.
Weak nystagmus or the absence of nystagmus may indicate an inner ear disorder. There are various options for treating balance disorders. One option includes treatment for a disease or disorder that may be contributing to the balance problem, such as ear infection, stroke, or multiple sclerosis.
Individual treatment will vary and will be based upon symptoms, medical history, general health, examination by a physician, and the results of medical tests. Another treatment option includes balance retraining exercises vestibular rehabilitation. However, at other times it may cause recurrent infections which result in discharge from the ear. If the hole is large enough it may cause some hearing loss. Surgery: Sometimes surgery is necessary to repair the perforation to avoid repeated infections that occur when water enters the middle ear.
Labyrinthitis is an inner ear infection which causes inflammation and occurs when cold, flu, or middle ear infection spreads to the inner ear. Symptoms can appear suddenly and without warning. They can last for a few weeks before disappearing on their own.
Can tinnitus cause vertigo
In other cases people suffer from longer-term symptoms or those that reoccur for example when they suddenly move their head. Over-the-counter antihistamines can ease some of the symptoms of viral labyrinthitis, such as nausea or dizziness. It most commonly affects people aged People suffering from this disease experience: dizziness with a spinning sensation, feel unsteady, feel or are sick, hear ringing, roaring or buzzing inside the ear or a sudden drop in hearing. These symptoms often happen all at the same time and last anything from minutes to hours.
It is a very distressing condition because it is so unpredictable. Furthermore, it can take a day or two for the symptoms to completely disappear and sufferers often feel drained after an attack. Additionally, although the condition usually starts in one ear, it can spread to both over time. We cover what to do if you get objects in your ears, nose or eyes on our first aid courses — along with many other potentially life-saving topics. Come and join one of our practical or online courses and learn more to keep yourself and others safe and help in an emergency. It is strongly advised that you attend a fully regulated Practical or Online First Aid course to understand what to do in a medical emergency.
First Aid for Life is a multi-award-winning, fully regulated first aid training provider. Our trainers are highly experienced medical, health and emergency services professionals who will tailor the training to your needs. Courses for groups or individuals at our venue or yours. First Aid for life provides this information for guidance and it is not in any way a substitute for medical advice.
First Aid for Life is not responsible or liable for any diagnosis made, or actions taken based on this information. My daughter get hit with a cotton bud in the right ear, little blood comes out , but then stop, Do u think that shes fine now? My wife has had ear issues the past week, left ear seems blocked and pounding sensation. Please advice.
Thank you.