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However, the Party retains effective control over government appointments: in the absence of meaningful opposition, the CPC wins by default most of the time. Political concerns in the PRC include lessening the growing gap between rich and poor and fighting corruption within the government leadership. From its founding in to late , the People's Republic of China was a Soviet- style centrally planned economy. Private businesses and capitalism did not exist. To propel the country towards a modern, industrialized communist society, Mao Zedong instituted the Great Leap Forward.
Following Mao's death and the end of the Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiaoping and the new Chinese leadership began to reform the economy and move to a market-oriented mixed economy under one-party rule. In , China and Japan had normalized diplomatic relations and China had decided to borrow money from Japan in soft loans. Since , Japan has been No. China's economy is mainly characterized as a market economy based on private property ownership. Collectivization of the agriculture was dismantled and farmlands were privatized to increase productivity. A wide variety of small-scale enterprises were encouraged while the government relaxed price controls and promoted foreign investment.
Inefficient state-owned enterprises SOEs were restructured by introducing western-style management system and the unprofitable ones were closed, resulting in massive job losses. Since economic liberalization began in , the PRC's investment- and export-led economy has grown 90 times bigger and is the fastest growing major economy in the world. It now has the world's second largest nominal GDP at The PRC is the fourth most visited country in the world with The PRC's success has been primarily due to manufacturing as a low-cost producer.
This is attributed to a combination of cheap labor, good infrastructure, medium level of technology and skill, relatively high productivity, favorable government policy, and some say, an undervalued exchange rate. China now ranks 29th in the Global Competitiveness Index. Measured using market capitalization, four of the world's top ten most valuable companies are Chinese. Some of these include first-ranked Petro China world's most valuable oil company , third-ranked Industrial and Commercial Bank of China world's most valuable bank , fifth-ranked China Mobile world's most valuable telecommunications company and seventh-ranked China Construction Bank.
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Although a middle income country by the world's standard, the PRC's rapid growth managed to pull hundreds of millions of its people out of poverty since China's retail market is worth RMB 8. It is also now the world's second biggest consumer of luxury goods behind Japan with The PRC's growth has been uneven when comparing different geographic regions and rural and urban areas. The urban-rural income gap is getting wider in the PRC with a Gini coefficient of Development has also been mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal regions while the remainders of the country are left behind.
To counter this, the government has promoted development in the western, northeastern, and central regions of China. Coupled with a lax environmental regulation, this has led to a massive water and air pollution China has 20 of the world's 30 most polluted cities. The Ministry of Health, together with its counterparts in the provincial health bureau, oversees the health needs of the Chinese population. An emphasis on public health and preventive medicine characterized health policy since the early s.
At that time, the Communist Party started the Patriotic Health Campaign, which was aimed at improving sanitation and hygiene, as well as attacking several diseases. This has shown major results as diseases like cholera, typhoid, and scarlet fever were nearly eradicated. With economic reform after , the health of the Chinese public improved rapidly because of better nutrition despite the disappearance, along with the People's Communes, of much of the free public health services provided in the countryside.
Health care in China became largely private fee-for-service. The country's life expectancy at birth jumped from about 35 years in to China's large population and close living quarters has led to some serious disease outbreaks in recent years, such as the outbreak of SARS a pneumonia-like disease which has since been largely contained. Estimates of excess deaths in China from environmental pollution apart from smoking are placed at , people per annum from air and water pollution including indoor air pollution.
In , China has overtaken the United States as the world's biggest producer of carbon dioxide. Reports by the World Bank and the New York Times have claimed industrial pollution, particularly of the air, to be significant health hazards in China. China has some relevant environmental regulations: the Environmental Protection Law, which was largely modeled on US legislation.
But the environment continues to deteriorate. While the regulations are fairly stringent, they are frequently disregarded by local communities while seeking economic development. Twelve years after the law, only one Chinese city was making an effort to clean up its water discharges.
Part of the price China is paying for increased prosperity is damage to the environment. Leading Chinese environmental campaigner Ma Jun has warned that water pollution is one of the most serious threats facing China. According to the Ministry of Water Resources, roughly million Chinese are drinking unsafe water. This makes the crisis of water shortages more pressing, with out of cities short of water. China produces more wind turbines and solar panels each year than any other country. After the Sino-Soviet split, China started to develop its own nuclear weapons and delivery systems, successfully detonating its first surface nuclear test in at Lop Nur.
This made the PRC the fifth nation to independently launch a satellite. In , the Shenzhou manned spaceflight program was authorized. After four unmanned tests, Shenzhou 5 was launched on 15 October , using a Long March 2F launch vehicle and carrying Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei, making the PRC the third country to put a human being into space through its own endeavors. China completed its second manned mission with a crew of two, Shenzhou 6 in October In , China successfully completed the Shenzhou 7 mission, making it the third country to have the capability to conduct a spacewalk.
In , the PRC successfully sent the Chang'e spacecraft, named after the ancient Chinese moon goddess, to orbit and explore the moon as part of their Chinese Lunar Exploration Program. China has plans to build a space station in the near future and to achieve a lunar landing in the next decade. There are also plans for a manned mission to planet Mars. The Chinese government continues to place heavy emphasis on research and development by creating greater public awareness of innovation, and reforming financial and tax systems to promote growth in cutting-edge industries.
In , President Hu Jintao called for China to make the transition from a manufacturing-based economy to an innovation-based one and the National People's Congress has approved large increases in research funding. Stem cell research and gene therapy, which some in the Western world see as controversial, face minimal regulation in China.
China has an estimated , researchers, second only to the 1. China is also actively developing its software, semiconductor and energy industries, including renewable energies such as hydro, wind and solar power. In an effort to reduce pollution from coal-burning power plants, China has been pioneering the deployment of pebble bed nuclear reactors, which run cooler and safer, and have potential applications for the hydrogen economy. The system is expected to process seismic data for oil exploration, conduct bio-medical computing and help design aerospace vehicles.
15 MUST EAT and DRINK in Chatuchak Weekend Market
It is two publicy for military or something secret usually is not announced available supercomputers among world's top For centuries, opportunity for economic and social advancement in China could be provided by high performance on Imperial examinations. The literary emphasis of the exams affected the general perception of cultural refinement in China, such as the belief that calligraphy and literati painting were higher forms of art than dancing or drama.
China's traditional values were derived from various versions of Confucianism and conservatism. A number of more authoritarian and rational strains of thought have also been influential, such as Legalism. There was often conflict between the philosophies, such as the individualistic Song Dynasty neo-Confucians, who believed Legalism departed from the original spirit of Confucianism.
Examinations and a culture of merit remain greatly valued in China today. In recent years, a number of New Confucians have advocated that democratic ideals and human rights are quite compatible with traditional Confucian "Asian values. The first leaders of the People's Republic of China were born in the old society but were influenced by the May Fourth Movement and reformist ideals.
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They sought to change some traditional aspects of Chinese culture, such as rural land tenure, sexism, and a Confucian education, while preserving others, such as the family structure and obedience to the state. Many observers believe that the period following is a continuation of traditional Chinese dynastic history, while others say that the CPC's rule has damaged the foundations of Chinese culture, especially through political movements such as the Cultural Revolution, where many aspects of traditional culture were labeled 'regressive and harmful' or 'vestiges of feudalism' by the regime and thus, were destroyed.
Today, the Chinese government has accepted a great deal of traditional Chinese culture as an integral part of Chinese society, lauding it as an important achievement of the Chinese civilization and emphasizing it as vital to a Chinese national identity. Since the Cultural Revolution ended, various forms of traditional Chinese art, literature, music, film, fashion and architecture have seen a vigorous revival, and folk and variety art in particular have gained a new found respectability, and sparked interest nationally and even worldwide.
Chinese culture and the West were linked by the Silk Road.
Artifacts from the history of the silk route, as well as from the natural history of the Gobi desert, are displayed in the Silk Route Museum.