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Browse book content Evidence and theoretical underpinnings, including neuropsychology, Chapter 2 - Behavioral Addiction: The Nexus of Impulsivity and Compulsivity Although a significant cache of research exists examining the detrimental In adulthood, play can facilitate recreation and help reduce stress.
Table of contents
- A Brief Overview of Selfie Behavior
- Tech Bigwigs Know How Addictive Their Products Are. Why Don’t the Rest of Us?
- Addiction psychology - Wikipedia
Out of the pleasure palazzo, he heads down an escalator and through a long concourse to a sedate meeting room in the Sands Expo Convention Center, where he will present his research on gambling addiction to about a hundred scientists and clinicians. The meeting is organized by the National Center for Responsible Gaming, an industry-supported group that has funded gambling research by Potenza and others. Potenza stands at the podium, talking about white matter integrity and cortical blood flow in gamblers.
Just beyond the room, expo exhibitors are setting up displays touting innovations engineered to get dopamine flowing in millennials.
E-sports betting. Casino games modeled on Xbox. More than 27, game manufacturers, designers, and casino operators will attend.
A Brief Overview of Selfie Behavior
Potenza and other scientists pushed the psychiatric establishment to accept the idea of behavioral addiction. The association considered the matter for more than a decade while research accumulated on how gambling resembles drug addiction.
Insatiable desire, preoccupation, and uncontrollable urges. The fast thrill and the need to keep upping the ante to feel the fireworks. An inability to stop, despite promises and resolve. Potenza did some of the first brain-imaging studies of gamblers and discovered that they looked similar to scans of drug addicts, with sluggish activity in the parts of the brain responsible for impulse control.
Tech Bigwigs Know How Addictive Their Products Are. Why Don’t the Rest of Us?
Sylvie Imbert and Yves Brasey credit baclofen, a medication used to treat muscle spasms, with freeing them from their devotion to the bottle. In studies, baclofen has shown promise for treating alcohol dependency. Brasey, having a beer at the Hotel Luxembourg Parc in Paris, now has just a few drinks at a time.
Imbert had six to nine drinks almost daily until she started taking baclofen. Now she drinks only occasionally.
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Imbert and Brasey have become outspoken advocates for the drug. Now that the psychiatric establishment accepts the idea that addiction is possible without drugs, researchers are trying to determine what types of behaviors qualify as addictions. Are all pleasurable activities potentially addictive? Or are we medicalizing every habit, from the minute-to-minute glance at email to the late-afternoon candy break? In the United States the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual now lists Internet gaming disorder as a condition worthy of more study, along with chronic, debilitating grief and caffeine-use disorder.
So do compulsive shopping and sex, food addiction, and kleptomania. Can a primal desire be addictive? The World Health Organization has recommended including compulsive sex as an impulse control disorder in its next edition of the International Classification of Diseases, due out by But the American Psychiatric Association rejected compulsive sex for its latest diagnostic manual, after serious debate about whether the problem is real. Nicole Avena, a neuroscientist at Mount Sinai St.
She says high-fat foods and highly processed foods such as refined flour may be as problematic as sugar. Avena and researchers at the University of Michigan recently surveyed adults: Ninety-two percent reported a persistent desire to eat certain foods and repeated unsuccessful attempts to stop, two hallmarks of addiction. The respondents ranked pizza—typically made with a white-flour crust and topped with sugar-laden tomato sauce—as the most addictive food, with chips and chocolate tied for second place.
Avena has no doubt food addiction is real. Science has been more successful in charting what goes awry in the addicted brain than in devising ways to fix it. A few medications can help people overcome certain addictions. Buprenorphine activates opioid receptors in the brain but to a much lesser degree than heroin does.
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The medication suppresses the awful symptoms of craving and withdrawal so people can break addictive patterns. He used heroin for years and tried rehab twice but relapsed. Then a doctor prescribed buprenorphine. Most medications used to treat addiction have been around for years. The latest advances in neuroscience have yet to produce a breakthrough cure. Researchers have tested dozens of compounds, but while many show promise in the lab, results in clinical trials have been mixed at best. Brain stimulation for addiction treatment, an outgrowth of recent neuroscience discoveries, is still experimental.
In the world of addiction treatment, there are two camps. One believes that a cure lies in fixing the faulty chemistry or wiring of the addicted brain through medication or techniques like TMS, with psychosocial support as an adjunct. The other sees medication as the adjunct, a way to reduce craving and the agony of withdrawal while allowing people to do the psychological work essential to addiction recovery.
Both camps agree on one thing: Current treatment falls short. Brewer is a student of Buddhist psychology. He believes the best hope for treating addiction lies in melding modern science and ancient contemplative practice. The law enforcement officers arresting this man on suspicion of smoking heroin in downtown Seattle chose to refer him to a treatment program for certain low-level drug offenders, rather than take him to jail. The innovative program, under way for more than five years, reflects an increasing awareness that habitual drug abuse stems from addiction and can be treated as a disease, not a crime.
The program has reduced recidivism among offenders diverted from the criminal justice system. In Buddhist philosophy, craving is viewed as the root of all suffering. Researchers at the University of Washington showed that a program based on mindfulness was more effective in preventing drug-addiction relapse than step programs. In a head-to-head comparison, Brewer showed that mindfulness training was twice as effective as the gold-standard behavioral antismoking program.
Mindfulness trains people to pay attention to cravings without reacting to them. The idea is to ride out the wave of intense desire. Mindfulness also encourages people to notice why they feel pulled to indulge. Brewer and others have shown that meditation quiets the posterior cingulate cortex, the neural space involved in the kind of rumination that can lead to a loop of obsession. His sentences toggle between scientific terms—hippocampus, insula—and Pali, a language of Buddhist texts. On a recent evening he stands in front of 23 stress eaters, who sit in a semicircle in beige molded plastic chairs, red round cushions nestling their stockinged feet.
Donnamarie Larievy, a marketing consultant and executive coach, joined the weekly mindfulness group to break her ice cream and chocolate habit. Four months in, she eats healthier food and enjoys an occasional scoop of double fudge but rarely yearns for it. Nathan Abels has decided to stop drinking—several times.
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In July he ended up in the emergency room at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston, hallucinating after a three-day, gin-fueled bender. For Abels, 28, a craftsman and lighting design technician who understands how circuitry works, the insights of neuroscience provide a sense of relief. Instead he feels less shame. Read Caption.
Addiction psychology - Wikipedia
Janna Raine became addicted to heroin two decades ago after taking prescription pain pills for a work injury. Last year she was living in a homeless encampment under a Seattle freeway. By Fran Smith. Photographs by Max Aguilera-Hellweg.