Guide to the LEED AP Building Design and Construction (BD&C) Exam (Wiley Series in Sustainable Desig

Guide to the LEED AP Building Design and Construction (BD&C) Exam specializing in commercial projects as a sustainable design and LEED consultant .
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An indicator is a simple measure of a sustainability parameter, a tool to quantify a system requirement. The indicator comparison is the most detailed method of comparison, where the core components of the sustainability assessment tools and urban design guidelines are collected and evaluated [ 10 ]. It was also used to select a common indicators list of sustainable urban development that is used to develop new urban development plans and improve the decision-making process in the sustainability assessment of urban design.

Likewise, the indicator-based framework of a sustainable material assessment can organize, measure and diagnose the existing details of material requirements, both of neighborhood sustainability assessment tools and of urban guidelines, to lead to critical review and improved development of urban guidelines. For a holistic and inter-disciplinary approach, sustainability addresses the integration of environmental, social and economic aspects [ 28 ], as shown in The Circle of Sustainability Figure 1 [ 7 , 29 ].

This is widely used in cities and urban settlements by a series of global organizations, and it helps to improve the understanding of sustainable urban design, which balances the social and economic effects of the built environment, while mitigating the environmental impacts [ 8 ]. In the interpretation of sustainability, environmental concerns often gain more attention than social or economic factors. For comprehensive sustainability assessment purposes, there is a need for a means to ensure adequate attention to all important factors [ 23 ].

In addition, the Circle of Sustainability has some important advantages, including for the sustainability assessment application [ 23 ]. There exist studies and literature [ 23 , 26 , 30 ] that review the sustainability assessment framework, based on the Circle of Sustainability, to interrelate the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. Researchers have emphasized the need for a comprehensive and integrated framework for sustainability assessment.

Many studies on indicator-based comparison of neighborhood sustainability assessment tools [ 8 , 10 ] show material as an environment indicator. However, in this study, the three pillars in the Circle of Sustainability are proposed to be applied to sustainable material assessments. Indicators measure different subjects in their approach to sustainability. The indicators are evaluated by their ability to integrate and measure the environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainability [ 10 ]. To investigate the similarities and differences in the measures of sustainability assessment tools and urban guidelines in comparing material matters, the indicators had to be collected from other sources, such as from a material assessment database and system or from material sustainability assessment standards and literature.

The final framework listed with indicators was developed by means of categorizing, organizing, eliminating and redefining indicators, as shown in Table 1 , Table 2 , Table 3 and Table 4. The Pharos [ 34 , 35 ] provides a tool to evaluate building materials based on the environmental performances of the products. The Pharos framework also adopts the three pillars concept with a partial adjustment. The framework is organized into three categories: The Pharos lens visualizes the environmental, social and health-related performance of products.

The ratings sub-categories for Environmental and Resources include renewable materials, embodied energy, renewable energy, embodied water, solid waste, and habitat restoration. The standard data elements are product content, health and environment, energy, recycling and reclamation, water conservation, air quality, social responsibility and innovation. The standards are used in government programs, such as Executive Order Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance 5 October addressing greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental attributes of products.

The Whole Building Performance encompasses environmental, economic, and social impacts. Similarly, the University of Michigan Sustainability Assessment uses framework utilizing the triple bottom line concept, recognizing environmental, social and economic spheres of sustainability. Each sphere is divided into categories and further divided into indicators. Environmental categories include water use and greenhouse gas emissions, social categories include wages and community development and financial categories include revenues and investment policies. Ten Shades of Green, an exhibition organized by the Architectural League, showed examples of work that combined environmental responsibility with formal ambition.

A context for evaluating all works of architecture and land planning was created to embrace a range of concerns, from technical efficiency to communal well being and emotional resonance. Ten aspects of sustainability were discussed in detail. The list of ten aspects starts with quantifiable technical issues and leads to contextual and urban issues and qualitative socio-cultural issues.

Description

Each sphere includes three equal indicators in the environmental, economic, and social issues categories. Each Indicator can be assessed for the different uses of materials as they are applied in urban designs. The material application sphere is categorized into 1 infrastructure; 2 landscape and 3 building.


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Environmental indicators relate to protection of the natural environment and the impact on ecology. Economic indicators refer to the wise, efficient and responsible use of resources for long-term benefits. Social indicators support creating a sound and livable community [ 1 ]. The basic set of indicators is shown with definitions in Table 5. This section examines the differences in material assessment criteria, evaluation parameters and methods, and descriptions of neighborhood sustainability assessment tools: The assessment criteria are grouped into five categories, which are then considered in the following three steps: Step 1, establishing the principles; Step 2, determining the layout; and Step 3, designing the details [ 37 ].

The material items are included in Resources and Energy, and Transport and Movement. The BREEAM Communities includes low-impact materials, sustainable buildings and resource efficiency to drive healthy, safe and habitable communities and environments. Its unique item is the specification of durable shelter seating materials in public transport facilities.

Many of its criteria, particularly site location and neighborhood pattern, reflect the New Urbanist principles and are inspired by traditional neighborhood design. These criteria address five broad point categories. Among those, material items are included only in Green Infrastructure and Buildings [ 38 ]. The Regional Priority criteria can be used to evaluate the locality of materials in an urban development, even though the current details do not include the use of local or regional materials.

Multiple material related credits in the sustainability assessment tools are categorized under material and resource. There were minor changes in old credits related to materials including: For example, 13 possible points are assigned under the category of materials and resources [ 41 ] in the LEED-NC v4, Edition, and only 40 points out of a total of points are required for certification. It has weaknesses to consider when integrating the multiple scales of material criteria within the neighborhood sustainability assessment tool.

Environment, society and economy classifications are major assessment criteria in adopting the Three Legs of Sustainability in its structure [ 42 ]. Out of the major criteria, Environment: CASBEE-UD covers almost all the criteria of the circle of sustainable materials, except for the Life-Cycle Cost and Locality, which are not fully integrated in any analyzed sustainability assessment tools, even though it is considered to be an important concept in sustainable material standards.

CASBEE-UD assesses the landscape materials, such as pavement, street furniture, lighting and signs, for environmental habitat and settlement and social harmony. As a result of the analysis of the detailed description of minor items related to materials, it was found that when evaluating the sustainability of urban design and development, each neighborhood sustainability assessment tool places a different weight on materials depending on its assessment criteria.

For comparative analysis of detailed items, the previously proposed circle of sustainable materials was adopted as a tool in Table 9. In Figure 5 , all the assessment tools cover the three spheres of sustainability, but BREEAM Communities and LEED-ND tend to focus more on the reuse of existing infrastructure and buildings, approaching resource issues environmentally and achieving social values in preservation. CASBEE-UD approach materials as resources to be saved and recycled, but also as factors contributing to environmental sustainability and harmonized urban structures.

The USA and the UK may emphasize the value of preservation and the reuse of existing structures, including buildings and infrastructure, more, while in Japan, the depletion of resources and the formation of neighborhoods are more urgent issues in urban development.

This section focuses on an analysis of the material criteria and requirements in urban design guidelines recently issued in London, New York, Tokyo, and Seoul.

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The criteria and requirements are then compared with the neighborhood sustainability assessment tools. As circumstances change, such as economy or population, the London Plan has been maintained, altered or, if necessary, replaced. The plan then set out a fully integrated framework of the three legs of sustainability for capital development over the next 20 to 25 years, and forms a part of the development plan for Greater London.

The local plans for the 32 London boroughs need to be in general conformity with the London Plan, and its policies guide decisions on planning applications by councils and the mayor [ 43 ]. The latest London Plan is composed of eight chapters: Context and strategy, Places, People, Economy, Response to climate change, Transport, Living places and spaces, Implementation, monitoring and review.

Figure 6 shows the ratio of material-related policies in each category of the London Plan. Among a total of policies, there are 11 material-related policies: Table 10 lists 11 material-related policies, along with their description. They cover the broad spectrum of sustainable material, such as locality, reuse and recycling, reduction, waste, health, pollution, and high performance. As a result, the London Plan covers all economic, social and environmental issues [ 44 ]. It is used to support statutory development plans, not as an alternative to them.

Sustainable Design and Construction, as well as a range of policies.


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SPG is composed of three chapters: Resource management, Adapting to climate change and greening the city, and Pollution management: This is a comprehensive sustainability plan for a greener, greater New York [ 47 ]. Some of the initiatives are related to materials, but the major issue in the city is waste management, rather than design and construction materials, as shown in Table 12 [ 49 ].

All city projects should be informed by PlaNYC. To guide the sustainable development of publicly-owned property, the Department of Design and Construction DDC issued several design manuals with more detailed information. The High Performance Infrastructure Guidelines were published after the High Performance Building Guidelines to manage the design and construction of streetscape and public right-of-way projects.

The guidelines focus on seven dimensions: The guidelines present the 53 Best Management Practices BMPs , practical strategies and technical strategies and technical resources for sidewalks, roadways, utility projects, and their adjacent landscaped areas. Among those, six BMPs in three dimensions are related to materials, as shown in Table They provide the materials specifications, with references, and introduce examples in NYC as the precedents [ 50 ].

Develop indicators to measure existing and new sustainability initiatives at DPR related to material resources. Encourage businesses to recycle, and use recyclable and recycled materials through corporate challenges, partnerships, or recognition programs. Develop best practices that address solid waste reduction for procurement and incorporate into Environmentally Preferable Purchasing. Improve access to publicly available data on the locations of hazardous material storage in flood zones throughout the city.

The manual addresses landscape opportunities associated with building projects and offers an introduction to more environmentally, economically and socially responsible urban site design practices for NYC capital projects. The document has four topics: Maximize vegetation, Minimize site disturbance, Water management on urban sites, and Materials in site and landscape design. Each topic focuses on practical recommendations and combines the unique site conditions encountered on many city projects with the appropriate sustainable site design strategies.

In addition, it highlights applicable LEED strategies as well as local laws, rules and regulations. In particular, the chapter for Materials in Site and Landscape Design specifies environmentally preferable materials and focuses on strategies to incorporate recycled materials in site features and construction [ 51 ], as shown in Table This policy places greater importance on the perspectives of the environment, greenery and cityscape. The Master Plan for City Planning is an official plan to define the urban development policy, the disaster prevention policy and the development and maintenance policy of urban residential areas [ 52 ].

The Master Plan for City Planning Areas defines the future vision of the city and serves as the foundation to make drafting individual city plans obligatory [ 53 ].

The reinforced network between water and greenery and the realization of the city coexisting with the environment are the main themes in the agenda to create a rich urban environment [ 54 ]. The Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Master Plan aims to promote a commitment to reduce the effects of climate change, increase and conserve green areas in the city, recycle resources, improve air quality, and a develop a solution to the negative legacy in the environment, including soil contamination.

The Plan lists measures under three major sections: To preserve subsistent foundation for all living beings, the conservation and recycling of resources is promoted to reduce waste and promote recycling, and to promote sound waste processing and develop a recycling business. In this direction, the targets were as follows: In addition, to alleviate heat stress, the following measures were promoted in this master plan: In general, the material-related items in the environmental measures of the Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Master Plan create a high quality and more comfortable urban environment and preserve the subsistent foundation of all living beings.

These material-related items are mainly related to the concept of environmental resources and environmental habitats and settlement in the circle of sustainable materials. The guidelines for consideration regarding urban planning aim to present the urban planning items that private and public companies need to consider in the planning and implementation phases. The guidelines function as a checklist to assess the environmental system. They are organized into three parts: The city is zoned as follows: The general structure of the guideline maintains three sectors as the Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Master Plan.

Table 15 , Table 16 and Table 17 list the material-related consideration items in three parts, categorizing the basic environmentally friendly items and detailing considerations and approaches in urban development. Consideration of long-life in architectural planning and use of highly durable materials and construction methods. For temporary installation, selection of reusable materials, and consideration of structure and use. Prevention of dust during construction work and conducting research on the optimal scatter-proof measures of asbestos in demolition and renovation.

Introduction of equipment to reduce emission of chemicals, including VOC to reduce environmental risk. Measures against surface coverings from pavements, buildings and asphalts causing increased heat and energy use. Preserving the region-specific landscape by utilizing historical, cultural buildings and townscapes and residential areas with waterfront and rich green areas.

Separated collection of insulation materials with Freon during building demolition to reduce greenhouse gas. Efforts in responsible resource recycling and proper treatment of waste disposal Consideration of exterior wall materials and paints. Greening structures including vacant lots, sidewalks, buffer zones, walls, etc.

Implementation of cool pavement with water retentiveness and ground surface covering to mitigate the thermal environment. The Seoul Master Plan is a strategic plan focused mainly on five emerging issues. The Seoul Master Plan outlines the directions of supplementary plans in terms of the use, development and preservation of land.

The master plan ranges over various disciplines, including society, economy, environment, energy, transportation, infrastructure, culture, and welfare. The city set up regional plans and guidelines to fill the gap between the master plan and the subordinate plans. The Safe City with Life Alive theme, one of the five main issues of the master plan, involves three objectives: Each objective is implemented in the strategies. The material-related strategies are listed in Table The specific measures, targets and detailed items are not covered in this master plan. Reinforced Controllability of Urban Climate: Eco-friendly urban surfaces, mitigated heat island effect, climate change monitoring system.

Preservation and recovery of natural ecology inside the city and improved functions for the public interest. The Landscape Design Guideline Manual sets up targets and strategies according to the landscape type characteristics: Generally, the sustainable requirements for landscape design are insufficiently described, except for greenery. Material-related strategies in this manual are related to a historical and cultural atmosphere and to a harmonization with historical resources and their unique features. Architectural materials should be considered for their quality to suit historical surroundings and their durability.

Landscape Design Guideline and Checklist in the manual specifies the material qualities for each landscape zone, as shown in Table Urban Development Sustainable Building Environment Assessment Guideline applies to projects over the scale at the environment impact evaluation target, as an urban development project. The criteria for evaluation are organized in seven sections with 41 items, covering land use, transportation, energy, ecological environment, resource cycling, water cycling, and indoor environment. The material items include thermal insulation, environment-friendly architectural materials, recycled wastes, permeable pavement, and materials with low-emission of VOC and asbestos, as shown in Table These are limited to building materials.

Materials are recognized as a part of the surfaces and buildings in specific measures to achieve the goals of energy, water and indoor environment. The concept of materials as economic and social resources is not fully accepted in these guidelines, even though the landscape guideline focuses on these values. For exterior space, use of natural materials and adoption of qualities and colors in harmony with surroundings. Avoiding materials that stand out and disturb the harmony such as luminous, transparent, or reflective materials. Avoiding materials that stand out and disturb the harmony such as luminous, transparent, reflective materials.

Use of homogeneous roof materials with qualities and colors in harmony with Seoul City Wall in buildings visible from the wall. From the examination of urban master plans and design guidelines, the general differences between Seoul and the other three cities, London, New York and Tokyo, can be outlined. The urban master plans and supplementary design guidelines of London, New York and Tokyo are interrelated in setting up design criteria, describing detailed requirements and specifying measures in infrastructure, landscape, and building materials.

In addition, those documents are associated with neighborhood sustainability assessment tools in different ways. However, in Korea, there is no neighborhood sustainability assessment tool, which can be the basis for setting up detailed urban design guidelines. For a comparative analysis of the urban guidelines of each city with the neighborhood sustainability assessment tools, the proposed circle of sustainable materials was used as a study protocol.

As shown in Figure 9 , each guideline has different structures, features and considerations of the material requirements. In the cases of London and New York, the top master plans include more detailed material criteria, compared to those of Tokyo and Seoul. Tokyo and Seoul have their top master plans focused towards their big city visions, without specifying the detailed criteria for materials. The material criteria included in the master plans of Tokyo and Seoul are Resources and Habitat and Settlement.

The London Plan covers many materials sustainability issues but there is no clear distinction of material uses in the infrastructure, landscape and building. From a balanced view of sustainability, the New York urban design guidelines are heavily weighted towards environmental issues.

Among the urban design guidelines, the material techniques and specifications are described in the most detail. Although the City Planning Vision only focuses on these issues, the other design guidelines cover most issues in detail, except for the Preservation and Life-Cycle Cost. Seoul has the least sustainable materials items in its urban guidelines. In addition, compared to other guidelines, the urban design does not include the material selection and infrastructure uses.

Although the top master plan targets resource recycling, the supplementary guidelines do not include any strategies or measures to develop and implement resource recycling. Many building materials issues were approached, but they were not specified in detail. In summary, London and New York have detailed material criteria in their top master plans, whereas Tokyo has supplementary urban design guidelines that specify most material sustainability issues.

The First Tier of the Credentialing System: The Third Tier of the Credentialing System: The Benefi ts of Green Buildings. The Triple Bottom Line. The Design and Construction Process. The Project Team Members. Conventional Projects versus the Integrative. Do Green Buildings Cost More? Credit Interpretation Requests and Rulings. Site Design and Management. Outdoor Water Use for Irrigation.

These emerging AEC leaders range in age from 31 to 39 as of December 31, , with a median age of Visit the U40 Summit registration page for complete details. Recently took over HOTdish Products, a spinoff company that designs and sells patented chafing dishes. After studying animal and poultry science and biological systems engineering, switched to civil engineering and then commercial construction. Coordinator for Manhattan Construction volunteer group with iCan Shine, a charitable nonprofit that helps children with disabilities learn to ride bicycles.

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Also enjoys water sports and is currently teaching a young niece to ski. Project architect with significant experience in academic, civic, and hospitality work. Giant Ocean Tank renovation , gallons and exterior master plan for New England Aquarium; new science center and building renovations at Westfield Mass.

Founder, Common Boston, a volunteer organization that connects architects with the general public and explores progressive ideas in design. Co-chaired the group from , including development of festival and tour events www. Board president, Learning by Design in Massachusetts nonprofit spun off from the Boston Society of Architects, focused on K architecture and design education.

Ran Boston Marathon in to benefit the nonprofit WalkBoston. Augmented his fundraising by leading walking tours around his Cambridge neighborhood. Has hiked more than 1, miles of the Appalachian Trail, mostly solo. I like to believe I received some of his artistic talent. After completing his civil engineering degree, worked for London-based Coffey Construction. Relocated to the U.


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After six years working for a concrete company, was recruited by Howard S. Wright, a construction firm later acquired by Balfour Beatty. Promoted to VP for the Mission Critical team earlier this year, overseeing business acquisition, operations, and account management and supporting mission-critical projects in the East, Central, and West regions. Actively involved in a partnership with The Uptime Institute and others to streamline data center operations.

Spent eight years at a contracting firm before diving into real estate development and ultimately running the company he worked for, Sprout Holdings. Later opened own real estate investment and advisory company, Lonestar Advisors.

Guide to the LEED AP Building Design and Construction (BD&C) Exam

Volunteer, Habitat for Humanity and Austin Achieve charter school program for under-served neighborhoods in Austin. Front man for rock bands in high school and college. Certified by the American College of Healthcare Architects at age Portfolio includes about 1. Has special expertise in the design of cancer-care environments.

Created an oncology planning guide that won an award from the Society for Marketing Professional Services in Hines School of Architecture, University of Houston. Stays busy with two-year-old twin daughters, but also enjoys yoga, cooking, and complicated cross-stitch work. Progressed from entry-level engineer to Principal in a bit more than a decade, followed by a promotion to COO. Manages staff recruitment, work assignments, professional training, human resources, and physical facilities for MKA. Led a company initiative in performance-based seismic design, leading to a new methodology for high-rises in earthquake-prone regions.

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LaSalle, Chicago story, 1. Served on the Parent Advisory Council, whose mission is to help ensure that the organization meets the needs of children and their families. Enjoys running, watching college basketball, and reading. Oversees daily operations of employees. Hired by Robert A.

Stern shortly after completing college.

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Over 11 years at the firm, progressed from drafter to job captain to project manager to studio manager and now office director in San Ramon. Firm provides planning, architecture, interior design, graphic design, and civil engineering services to commercial, corporate, and public clients worldwide. Grew a single fast-food restaurant renovation into a continuing account involving more than 60 restaurants. Has run the Kaiser Permanente San Francisco half marathon four times, raising funds for nonprofits that promote a healthy lifestyle.

Enjoys runs around Lake Chabot. Road and Track magazine. Benedict studied urban sociology in graduate school before joining MKM, a firm focused on design for healthcare and wellness. Oversees brand and communication strategies while continuing to participate in design and research. Created partnership between Ball State and local AIA Chapter to initiate and oversee more than student projects focused on the redevelopment of Fort Wayne.

From , was one of three managing directors of AB, a think tank aimed at social and community problems. Greater Fort Wayne Inc. Spends most free time with sons aged three and five: Great-grandfather owned a Chicago car dealership and customized bulletproof cars for Al Capone. Master of High Performance. Involved in the management and high-performance design of corporate, commercial, civic, academic, government, and mixed-use projects. Currently managing repositioning efforts for multiple office buildings and complexes in D. I also like to find new small-batch gins.

Outer Banks of North Carolina. Cryer co-founded Pinnacle at age 25 with a partner while still enrolled as a grad student at UT—Austin. Currently leads employee recruitment, marketing, and business development for the firm, as well as managing and training staff engineers. Has served as EOR on more than projects, including blast-resistant structures for Houston-area petrochemical facilities. Also experienced in the worship, office, and K sectors.