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In , the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. This research work.
Table of contents
- Account Options
- Federalism
- Federalist Deliberative Democracy in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects | SpringerLink
- The Political Economy of Federalism in Nigeria
All fields required. Email Print Add to Wishlist. Overview Author Bio Table of Contents Series A comparative analysis of shifting fiscal powers in twelve federal countries. This volume also explores the effects of intergovernmental fiscal relations on securing economic unions and improving social welfare.
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Contributors provide a fascinating account of how federal countries are confronting the traditional challenges of conflicts over division of fiscal powers while also coping with emerging challenges of globalization and citizen empowerment arising from the information revolution. They analyze how relationships and roles in different orders of government are being reshaped and show how local solutions inspired by global principles help strengthen government accountability and improve the quality of life for citizens.
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Ekpo Nigeria , Lars P. Diversity and Unity in Federal Countries. Edited by Nico Steytler. Foreign Relations in Federal Countries. Edited by Hans Michelmann. The Practice of Fiscal Federalism, Vol. Edited by Akhtar Majeed , Ronald L. Watts and Douglas M. Edited by John Kincaid and G. Alan Tarr.
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All Rights Reserved. However, it is pertinent to mention that the said draft constitution is an incomplete document. Olu Onagoruwa, had led people to believe, the draft constitution submitted to the Administration was altered. They are going to promulgate into law what the people decide. It has never happened before. A Constitution Analysis Committee was also appointed by the government to review the work of the Review Committee, after which the draft constitution was examined by the Federal Executive Council, the Council of States, and the Provisional Ruling Council.
These were:. The reports of the Committees on the creation of States and Local Governments and on Devolution of Powers will reflect in the constitution when it is finally promulgated in Save for the amalgamation of , each successive restructuring has resulted in fragmentation of the units.
Federalism
The Constitution sanctioned the divisions and renamed them regions. These regions became the component units of the federal system in Thus, the country gained independence as a federal country with three regions. However, the federal structure was not balanced as the Northern Region was much bigger in population and geographical size than the two southern regions combined. This accentuated the imbalance in the federal structure and provoked demands from the other regions for the Northern Region to be subdivided. Minorities within the various regions demanded further fragmentation so that they could be politically autonomous.
In , Colonel Gowon restructured Nigeria into twelve states in response to the agitation of the minorities for states of their own and to contain the threat of secession by Ojukwu. In , the Murtala Muhammed-Obasanjo administration increased the number of states to nineteen mainly in response to state agitators. General Babangida raised the number to twenty-one in and to thirty in All these fragmentations have left the states smaller in population and resources and, therefore, much weaker in comparison to the federal government.
Federalist Deliberative Democracy in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects | SpringerLink
Contrariwise, the federal government has grown stronger because it has progressively appropriated more of the revenue resources. There is now no opportunity for self-expression by the various groups who make up this country. Many prominent politicians became disturbed by the fact that power was concentrated at the centre and that it was dominated by northerners.
Thus, many memoranda to the conference concerned devolution of power and restructuring of the federation. It will suffice to illustrate the thinking of key stakeholders in the political system on these issues by referring to their views. The Movement for National Reformation MNR suggested in its memo to the conference that the country should be comprised of eight federations which would form a Union Government at the centre. In their words:. Given their one-dimensional approach to complex matters, successive military regimes have acted as if the balkanisation of Nigeria into more and more states was the panacea to national unity.
The Political Economy of Federalism in Nigeria
Consequently, we have moved from the sublime to the ridiculous Nigeria has thus become de facto a highly centralised country, albeit with the heavy burden of maintaining 30 state administrations in addition to the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja. The states that make up the other regions Eastern, Southern, Northwestern, North-Eastern and Middle Belt should make their own choices.
Alex Ekwueme and his co-signatories, however, added that the Nigerian Army, Nigerian Police and other security agencies should also be regionalized. Another Igbo group, the Mkpoko Igbo, also demanded that Nigeria be divided into six zones. It also turned down the proposal to restructure the country into a federation of six regions. Instead, it confirmed the status quo. Thus, the draft constitution says that Nigeria shall be a federation made up of states and the Federal Capital Territory. It goes on to confirm the three tiers of government as the federal government, the state governments and local governments.
Lastly, it contains the names of the thirty states. It made the power-sharing arrangement more difficult to resolve. To counteract this reality, the conference decided to discuss and adjust the allocation of legislative lists between the federal and state governments. A major change is that the draft constitution provides three substantive lists rather than the traditional two. Nevertheless, it does serve a useful purpose by emphasizing the greater devolution of powers to the states as it contains items such as agriculture, education, health, creation of local government areas, etc.
The Constitution, for example, placed education on the concurrent list. Although local government was on the residual list, federal intervention in the regulation of local governments was pronounced.
The two major problems were: what offices should be rotated and among what units? The key office was, of course, the presidency. The Ekwueme-led Igbo group suggested that the office of the president should be rotated among the six regions that it proposed. It wanted six vice-presidents to represent the six regions, each of whom should be assigned specific responsibilities. In addition, they demanded drastic reduction in the powers of the office of the president through shedding some functions to the vice-presidents.
The conference itself found it a very explosive issue. The Consensus Committee recommended that the conference accept the principle of a rotational presidency. Whether this should be a permanent or transitional aspect of the constitution created bad blood among many members. While the northern delegates proposed that it should be a transitional provision, the southern delegates demanded that it should be a permanent feature of the constitution.
In October , when the conference first agreed on a compromise to accept rotation of the office of the President, it seemed certain that it would be a permanent aspect of the constitution. It was at this stage that they demanded that it should be a transitional rather than a permanent provision. So they tried to reopen debate on the issue in April When the Chairman of the Conference refused to allow the delegates to reopen the said debate, he was vilified by the aggrieved members.
At a press conference on April 4, , they contended that rotation was a major achievement of the conference that should be upheld and made a permanent aspect of the constitution.
Their strong defence of rotation said in part:. It is an open secret that without the consensus agreement on the rotatory clause of the proposed Constitution, the National Constitutional Conference would have, for long, not only gone into disarray but also into oblivion. We firmly believe that the principle undergirding the practice of the federal character system also applies to the proposed rotatory system.
Just as the educationally disadvantaged areas of the country were catered for under the federal character system, the politically disadvantaged areas should be given a sense of belonging in the practice of government in Nigeria. So, although it recognized only two units north and south for the purposes of rotating the office of the President, it provided for three Vice-Presidents.
The conference prescribed a single term of five years for the President. This should presumably encourage each zone to be patient to wait for its turn to produce the President. First, it has enlarged the number of units that should partake in the rotation of offices to six. Second, it has modified the presidential system and by that increased the number of offices to be rotated.