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Course content Course content. Introducing the environment: Ecology and ecosystems This free course is available to start right now. Apparently there is no permanent biota of the atmosphere, although insects and birds among others utilize that environment extensively Hesse, et al. These basic units are easily recognized in any landscape , as for example shown in the scene at right from Belarus in Europe. NOTE: Definitions of terms used in this textbook have been collected into various glossaries, the basic one being Basic Ecology Glossary.
Humanity has been studying nature for thousands of years and formally for several centuries under the science of biology, so why do we say that Ecology is a relatively new science? Note, the term "ecology" is only about years old. What is it that ecologists do or study that biologists might not?
Kendeigh , p. The behavioral sciences encompass one facet of the interaction of an organism with its physical and biological surroundings, and therefore are part of ecology. Several techniques are used to study Ecology; one of the methods is known as strong inference. Strong inference is defined as the method of testing a hypothesis by deliberately attempting to demonstrate the falsity of the hypothesis Kinraide and Denison, Performing experiments is the preferred method of using strong inference.
Traditionally, Ecology is based more on weak inference the other type of inference rather than strong inference. In weak inference there are no experiments; rather, there are correlations between observations. Weak inference is defined as a "common sense" approach using simple system models to build understanding Elner and Vadas. Both weak and strong inference have been used throughout many different science courses over the last several thousands of years Kinraide and Denison.
However, strong inference is said to be more advantageous because weak inference is more prone to error. Weak inference makes people try to cling to one point of view; whereas strong inference doing experimentation causes people to think from more than one point of view and keep coming up with different hypotheses to test as their old hypotheses get falsified. Ecology incorporates and overlaps with many other disciplines in both the biological and physical sciences.
Certainly on one level, there is no information about the natural environment that does not have some applicability to ecology.
Introducing the environment: Ecology and ecosystems
On the other hand, such interrelationships between the sciences are much more the norm than most people realize. Ecology, according to Kendeigh , p. It may be helpful here to list the phenomenon that ecologists are particularly interested in if only to better clarify the boundaries of this text covering basic ecology list modified from Kendeigh, , p 1. Ecologists study:.
A: Introduction to Ecology - Biology LibreTexts
Ecology is both a biological and an environmental science, something that should certainly be evident from the definition provided above. Many environmental sciences are minimally concerned with biology meteorology, for example and others environmental toxicology, for example necessarily combine physical and biological sciences. Environmentalism on the other hand is a political position involved with various aspects of managing the environment. There are many subcategories of Ecology. Plant Ecology looks at the differences and similarities of various plants in differing climates and habitats.
The origins of Animal Ecology can be traced to two Europeans, R.
Ecology/Introduction
Hesse of Germany and Charles Elton of England. Physiological Ecology, or ecophysiology , studies the responses of the individual organism to the environment.
The idea of Population Ecology was brought forward by two famous men, Charles Darwin , who looked at the similarities and dissimilarites of populations and how they replaced each other over time, and Gregor Mendel. The last subcategory is Ecosystem Ecology , which brought about terms such as limnology , introduced by A.
What is the Catalog?
Because ecology is a facet of biology, it is not possible to clearly define a time or person that represents the beginning of ecological thought as distinct from biology. One of the first ecologists was probably Theophrastus, a contemporary and student of Aristotle. Theophrastus described various interrelationships between animals and between animals and their environment as early as the 4th century BC Ramalay, Over the next several centuries biological knowledge gradually expanded as naturalists, such as Bufon and Linnaeus, contributed to a growing understanding of the nature of plants and animals.
These early naturalists of course understood that organisms had a relationship with the environment, and especially that the distribution of forms was related to physical aspects of the geography.