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Editorial Reviews. About the Author. Mr. Chavis is Tribal Historian of the Pee Dee Indian Nation Hiding In Plain Sight: The Pee Dee Indians After Contact - Kindle edition by Claude Chavis, David Locklear, Dr. Jay H. Vest, Dr. Gene Crediford.
Table of contents
In the early part of this period, the bows and arrows using small projectile points, or true arrowheads, were first used. These Native Americans abandoned the nomadic lifestyle for village life. The Mississippian Period began in A. It was a period characterized by subsistence agriculture in areas near sizeable villages; corn was the major crop. Native Americans constructed flat-topped earthen mounds as part of their ceremonial activities. Projectile points were small and triangular or pentagonal. Ceramics bore decorations of stamps of rectilinear or curvilinear forms, or they were highly polished.
The Historic Period began with the arrival of European explorers, the earliest of which were Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. The period of written history of Native Americans began with the English colonists on Roanoke Island in A number of different Native American groups speaking different languages Siouan, Iroquoian, Algonkian and Muskogean were in the area. It was from these indigenous groups that the present Native American population descended.
Artifacts of interest from this period include kaolin and other pipes items of European influence for tobacco smoking, gunflints, and ceramics of plain whiteware, pearlware and creamware, together with the traditional types. Also found were colored salt-glazed stoneware and various types of porcelain. Dark green bottle fragments from the 19th century are included in these artifacts found along the Lumber River.
The earliest Native Americans, who may have lived in the region from as early as 20, B.
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By the 18th century, the river and its associated swamps had become a melting pot for several Indian tribes, some of them refugees who had fled to the backwoods and swamplands from the coastal regions to escape the attacks of other tribes as well as the advance westward by Europeans. It has been speculated that members of Sir Walter Raleigh's "Lost Colony" may have been among these Native American immigrants to the area. The earliest European settlers in Robeson County found several thousand Indians already on the scene who spoke broken English and farmed as Europeans did.
Some of them were blue-eyed and bore familiar English names. Because of a lack of recorded history and a loss of linguistic identity; however, the history of these people has been shrouded in mystery, conjecture and myth; their true origins will probably never be known. Having survived the encroachment of their lands, they established rural communities on the banks of the river where their descendants, known as the Lumbee, live today.
They adopted their tribal name officially in from the Indian name for the river. History: According to poet John Charles McNeill , the Indian name of Lumbee was originally used for the river, from an Indian word that means "black water. This name appears in Colonial records of , which identify the river as a branch of the Little Pee Dee River. The name was changed by legislative action in to the Lumber River, most likely because of the river's heavy use by the lumber industry. In the late 18th and the 19th centuries, the lumbering and naval stores industries were very important to the region, and the river was a vital route for transporting products of these industries.
One-hundred-foot logs were rafted downriver in the late 's to Georgetown, South Carolina. Lumberton itself was an important turpentine and timber town. Unfortunately, no standing structure related to these industries has been found that could be considered of historic value. The few existing structures are from this century and are in a state of decay.
Remnants of bridge abutments, tram bridges, and dock pilings in the Net Hole area are reminders of the lumbering and naval stores industries. Vegetation: The Lumber River floodplain is largely a second-growth oak-cypress-gum swamp forest of the blackwater subtype.
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Most of the species present are indicators of the perennially wet nature of the river floodplain. The major canopy species are cypress, tupelo, red gum, black gum and water oak; the understory is dominated by river birch, water elm, red maple and hackberry. Along the river banks are abundant pines, cypress, poplar, bays, juniper, gums and wisteria.
Equally abundant are poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac. Virginia creeper and Spanish moss are common on trees bordering the river. Fern species and the insectivorous Venus flytrap grow along the stream banks. The swamp forests grade to bottomland forests and then to first terrace hardwood forests, which are found on slightly higher elevations.
Flooding in these forests is seasonal and occurs typically in winter or early spring.
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Common trees in these bottomland and first terrace hardwood forests are water hickory, overcup oak, laurel oak, willow oak, red maple, persimmon, cottonwood, green ash, American elm, loblolly pine and river birch. Common shrubs found are black willow, buttonbush, winterberry, hazel alder, swamp privet and American holly.
Lizard's tail and sedges are also prevalent. The next broad forest type is the second terrace hardwood forests. Although found in the floodplains of the river, flooding is temporary. Common trees are green ash, American elm, red maple, sweet gum, water oak, cherrybark oak, swamp chestnut oak, shagbark hickory, ironwood, sycamore, yellow poplar and loblolly pine. In the understory are spicebush, sugarberry, poison ivy, jack-in-the-pulpit, Virginia creeper, hawthorns, American holly, greenbrier, mayapple, sedges and blackberry.
The many low ridges in the floodplain are dominated by loblolly pine and mixed hardwoods. Typically, these ridges are surrounded by poorly drained depressions within which occurs diverse pocosin-type vegetation. Paralleling the east bank of the river, between U. The acre Big Sandy Ridge located north of Fair Bluff is an outstanding example of these sand ridges. The area is secluded and composed of relatively undisturbed pine-scrub oak sandhill community.
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Geology: Though they are not unique to the region, several geologic features exhibited in the river corridor are noteworthy. As Drowning Creek emerges from the Sandhills Region and becomes the Lumber River, it crosses a regional physiographic feature known as the Orangeburg Scarp.
This feature is commonly thought to have developed as a paleo-shoreline feature during the upper Pliocene Epoch approximately 3 million years ago as the sea reached a point of relative standstill and wave action cut into the highland now known as the Sandhills. The Orangeburg Scarp can be traced from Florida to Virginia, but it is particularly well developed through North and South Carolina, where it marks the boundary between the upper and middle Coastal Plain. As a result of this geologic occurrence, fossil shells and shark teeth have been deposited in sand deposits in bluffs, ridges and banks along the Lumber River.
As the Lumber River flows across the relatively low-relief surface of the middle Coastal Plain Region, its valley cuts into a surface marked by a great number of northwest-southeast oriented elliptical depressions known as Carolina Bays. Since their discovery in the Carolina's in the 's, these swampy or sometimes water-filled features with unique floral assemblages have been the object of debate and controversy as to their origin.
Although now known to number in the tens of thousands throughout the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and to occur in several other regions of the world, the middle Coastal Plain area of Bladen and Robeson Counties, North Carolina, exhibit particularly well-developed and numerous Carolina Bays. There are several other interesting features of the Lumber River.
The river possesses a greater amount of meanders than other rivers in the region. These bluffs are atypical for blackwater rivers in the area. Unusual sand ridges were formed along the river when the Ice Ages dried the area, allowing sand to be blown from the riverbed onto the banks. National Wild and Scenic River Designation: In order for a river to become a National Wild and Scenic River, it must be free-flowing and have at least one resource that is considered to be "outstandingly remarkable"—i.
Since there are no dams or excessive channelization of the waterway, the entire Lumber River was found to be free-flowing. In addition, the National Park Service found five different resource categories to be "outstandingly remarkable"—recreation, fish, wildlife, scenery and botany. Recreation Resources: The Lumber River has regional recreational value for canoeing and sightseeing opportunities.
The river offers visitors an opportunity to experience multi-day canoe trips on an unusually long and meandering blackwater river in a natural and uncrowded setting. The Lumber River is one of few rivers in the region that travels through two distinct physiographic regions—starting in the Sandhills Region and flowing through the Coastal Plain—providing a diverse canoeing setting. Currents and obstructions by fallen trees provide additional variety and offer navigability challenges. The Lumber River's significance as a canoe trail was formally recognized in when the upper river was designated North Carolina's first recreational water trail.
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In , this segment of the river was designated a National Water Trail, the first such trail in the southeastern United States. In , the lower river was included in the list of National Canoe Trails. The Lumber River also provides numerous recreation opportunities besides canoeing. Sandbars, fallen logs, overhanging branches and an abundant food supply provide excellent habitat and structure for fish; fishing from the banks and from small boats is popular along most of the river. The species most frequently sought include sunfish bluegill, warmouth, redbreast , largemouth bass, catfishes, pickerel and yellow perch.
Unusual deposits of fossils and sharks teeth provide a unique fossil hunting activity, although collecting is discouraged and is prohibited on State lands. Other recreation opportunities along the Lumber River include excellent wildlife observation, hiking, photography and hunting. Continuing development of the Lumber River State Park will provide additional facilities for camping, nature study, hiking and picnicking.
Additional recreational facilities for picnicking, river access, hiking and nature study are provided by local governments. These contain high-quality natural communities or habitat for rare species; six natural community types are found in these 12 areas. Fish: The Lumber River is a popular fishing stream and receives considerable fishing pressure from anglers across the State. The river has historically provided excellent fishing for various sunfish, largemouth bass, catfishes, chain pickerel and yellow perch.
The river supports a diverse fish assemblage and a high quality sport fishery, especially for redbreast sunfish and largemouth bass. Sampling conducted by the NCWRC categorizes the redbreast sunfish population in the Lumber River as a high-quality fishery; many southeastern anglers rate the Lumber River as the premier riverine sport fishery for bluegill, redbreast and red ear sunfish in the State. American shad, an anadromous species, has also been collected from the Lumber River.
The Lumber River supports two unique fish species designated of "special concern" by the state of North Carolina. These species are the pinewoods darter and the sandhills chub. Wildlife: The Lumber River provides habitat for several species listed as threatened or endangered by the U. Fish and Wildlife Service. The headwaters of the Lumber lie in the Sandhills Region which is considered one of the best red-cockaded woodpecker habitats north of Florida; the red-cockaded woodpecker is listed as a federally endangered species.
The Lumber River also provides habitat for the federally threatened bald eagle. American alligators, a federally threatened species in the state of North Carolina, can be found in the river.