2011 Nuclear Power Plant Sourcebook: Drugs for Exposure to Radioactive Iodine and Cesium - Potassium

Nuclear Power Plant Sourcebook Drugs For Exposure To Radioactive Iodine And Cesium. Potassium Io - In this site is not the same as a answer calendar.
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The risk is particularly elevated in those exposed during infancy and adolescence. To estimate the possibility and extent of thyroid cancer occurrence after exposure, it is of utmost importance to collect and analyze epidemiological information providing the basis for evaluation of radiation risk, and to consider radiobiology and molecular genetics. In this regard, the dose-response of cancer risk, temporal changes in the rates of thyroid cancer, its histopathological types and subtypes, and frequency of underlying genetic abnormalities are important.

The large-scale ultrasound screening in Fukushima Prefecture of Japan demonstrated a high detection rate of thyroid cancer in young individuals, revealing and 71 cases in the first and second rounds, respectively, among the same cohort of approximately , subjects. These findings raised concerns among residents and the public that it might be due to putative exposure to radiation from the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. This review summarizes evaluations by international organizations and reviews scientific publications by the authors and others on childhood thyroid cancer, especially those relevant to radiation, including basic studies on molecular mechanisms of thyroid carcinogenesis.

Clinical details are also provided on surgical cases in Fukushima Prefecture, and the effect of thyroid ultrasound screening is discussed. Correct understanding of issues relating to radiation and the thyroid are. In this regard, the dose—response of cancer risk, temporal changes in the rates of thyroid cancer, its histopathological types and subtypes, and frequency of underlying genetic abnormalities are important.


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The Fukushima Health Management Survey: The Basic Survey consists of a questionnaire that asks Fukushima Prefecture residents about their behavior in the first four months after the accident; and responses to the questionnaire have been returned from many residents. The individual external doses are estimated by using digitized behavior data and a computer program that included daily gamma ray dose rate maps drawn after the accident. The individual external doses of , residents for the first four months excluding radiation workers had a distribution as follows: The March radiation accident in Fukushima , Japan, is a textbook example of a radiation accident of global significance.

In view of the global dimensions of the accident, it is important to consider the lessons learned. In this context, emphasis must be placed on consequences for planning appropriate medical management for radiation accidents including, for example, estimates of necessary human and material resources. The specific characteristics of the radiation accident in Fukushima are thematically divided into five groups: Conclusions like the need for reviewing international communication, interfacing, and interface definitions will be drawn from the Fukushima radiation accident.

Temporal changes of radiocesium in irrigated paddy fields and its accumulation in rice plants in Fukushima. About half of the total paddy field area, which is the dominant agricultural land in Fukushima Prefecture, was contaminated by radiocesium released by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. In this study, we investigated the temporal changes of radiocesium in soil, irrigation water, and rice plant in two adjacent rice paddies, with and without surface-soil-removal, in Fukushima Prefecture for over three years after the nuclear accident.

Our results showed that radiocesium migrated into cm soil layers and that the activity concentration of radiocesium in paddy soils showed a significant reduction in The newly added radiocesium to paddies through irrigation water contributed only a maximum value of 0. The radiocesium activity concentration in suspended sediment in irrigation water exponentially decreased, and the effective half-lives Teff for Cs and Cs were 1. Additionally, the average suspended sediment concentration in irrigation water increased between and , suggesting that enhanced soil erosion had occurred in the surrounding environment.

Radiocesium accumulation in rice plant also decreased with time in both paddies. Further analysis is required to clarify the reasons of high concentration ratio of radiocesium for rice plant in the decontaminated paddy. Cesium deposition and contamination of Japanese soils due to the Fukushima nuclear accident. The largest concern on the cesium Cs deposition and its soil contamination due to the emission from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant NPP showed up after a massive quake on March 11, Cesium Cs with a half-life of Removal of Cs contaminated soils or land use limitations in areas where removal is not possible is, therefore, an urgent issue.

A challenge lies in the fact that estimates of Cs emissions from the Fukushima NPP are extremely uncertain, therefore, the distribution of Cs in the environment is poorly constrained. Here, we estimate total Cs deposition by integrating daily observations of Cs deposition in each prefecture in Japan with relative deposition distribution patterns from a Lagrangian particle dispersion model, FLEXPART.

We show that Cs strongly contaminated the soils in large areas of eastern and northeastern Japan, whereas western Japan was sheltered by mountain ranges. The soils around Fukushima NPP and neighboring prefectures have been extensively contaminated with depositions of more than , and 10, MBq km -2 , respectively.

Total Cs depositions over two domains: We hope our Cs deposition maps will help to coordinate decontamination efforts and plan regulatory measures in Japan. Climate change affects agricultural producers because agriculture and fisheries depend on specific climate conditions. Temperature changes can cause crop planting dates to shift. Droughts and floods due to climate change may hinder farming practices.

Agriculture in grassland environments is facing multiple stresses from: Tracing nuclear elements released by Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident. Radioactive contamination has been detected in Fukushima and the neighboring regions due to the nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant NPP following the earthquake and tsunami occurred on 11th March The small experimental catchments have been established in Yamakiya district, Kawamata Town, Fukushima Prefecture, located approximately 35 km west from the Fukushima NPP.

The tritium 3H concentration and stable isotopic compositions of deuterium and oxygen have been determined on the water samples of precipitation, soil water at the depths of 10 to 30 cm, groundwater at the depths of 5 m to 50 m, spring water and stream water taken at the watersheds in the recharge and discharge zones from the view point of the groundwater flow system.

The tritium concentration of the rain water fell just a few days after the earthquake showed a value of approximately 17 Tritium Unit T. The spring water in the recharge zone showed a relatively high tritium concentration of approximately 12 T. Thus, the artificial tritium was apparently injected in the groundwater flow system due to the Fukushima NPP accident, whereas that has not reached at the discharge zone yet.

The monitoring of the nuclear elements is now on going from the view points of the hydrological cycles and the drinking water security. This brochure describes the philosophy and scope of a secondary-level course in agricultural production. Addressed in the individual units of the course are the following topics: To assist teachers in agricultural mechanics in providing comprehensive instruction to their students, this curriculum guide treats both the mechanical skills and knowlege necessary for this specialized area. Six sections are included, as follow: Federal Register , , , , The Subcommittee will review recent events at the Fukushima site in Japan.

Applications of remotely sensed data in agriculture are enumerated. Study protocol for the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Soon after the disaster, Fukushima Prefecture launched the Fukushima Health Management Survey to investigate long-term low-dose radiation exposure caused by the accident. Fukushima Medical University took the lead in planning and implementing this survey. The primary purposes of this survey are to monitor the long-term health of residents, promote their future well-being, and confirm whether long-term low-dose radiation exposure has health effects.

This report describes the rationale and implementation of the Fukushima Health Management Survey. This cohort study enrolled all people living in Fukushima Prefecture after the earthquake and comprises a basic survey and 4 detailed surveys. The basic survey is to estimate levels of external radiation exposure among all 2. It should be noted that internal radiation levels were estimated by Fukushima Prefecture using whole-body counters.

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The detailed surveys comprise a thyroid ultrasound examination for all Fukushima children aged 18 years or younger, a comprehensive health check for all residents from the evacuation zones, an assessment of mental health and lifestyles of all residents from the evacuation zones, and recording of all pregnancies and births among all women in the prefecture who were pregnant on 11 March.

All data have been entered into a database and will be used to support the residents and analyze the health effects of radiation. Methods This cohort study enrolled all people living in Fukushima Prefecture after the earthquake and comprises a basic survey and 4 detailed surveys. Fukushima Health Management Survey. We investigated the incidence of SGA small for gestational age in the Fukushima Prefecture in newborns delivered by women who were pregnant at the time of the disasters and identified any risk factors for SGA.

Subjects were women who were pregnant at the time of the disasters. Questionnaires were sent to the women who lived in the Hamadori area seaside and near to the nuclear power plant at the time of the disasters as well as to a control group of women who lived outside the Hamadori area. The incidence of SGA was compared. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors for SGA. In total, 5. Neither area nor the trimester of pregnancy at the time of the disasters influenced the incidence of SGA.

Engaging with local stakeholders: The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident contaminated the soil of densely populated regions in Fukushima prefecture with radioactive caesium, which poses significant risks of internal and external exposure to the residents. Applying the knowledge of post-Chernobyl accident studies, internal exposures in excess of a few mSv per year would be expected to be common in Fukushima. As a consequence, risks from external exposure assume greater importance for the majority of residents in Fukushima due to the lower contribution from internal exposure.

In both cases, average doses remain low, although some residents are exposed to higher-than-average risks; it is these members of the population who need to be identified and followed-up. Consequently, it is essential to re-establish communication at all levels in society. We measured radiocesium in a diverse suite of large predators from the North Pacific Ocean and report no detectable i.

Levels of Cs varied within and across taxa, but were generally consistent with pre- Fukushima levels and were lower than naturally occurring 40 K by one to one to two orders of magnitude. Predator size had a weaker effect on Cs and 40 K levels than tissue lipid content. Nondetection of Cs and low levels of Cs in diverse marine megafauna far from Fukushima confirms negligible increases in radiocesium, with levels comparable to those prior to the release from Fukushima.

Reported levels can inform recently developed models of cesium transport and bioaccumulation in marine species.

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Desorption kinetics of cesium from Fukushima soils. In this study, we investigated long-term desorption kinetics of Cs and Cs from soils collected in Fukushima Prefecture by batch desorption experiments in the presence of cation exchange resin as a sorbent. Desorption of Cs continued even after this period. The desorbed fraction of stable Cs was smaller than that of Cs.

This indicated that Cs may gradually move to more stable states in soils. The half-life of Cs desorption from the slowest sorption site was estimated to be at least two years by a three-site desorption model. The emigration of residents following the Fukushima nuclear accident has resulted in aging and depopulation problems in radiation-contaminated areas.

The recovery of affected areas, and even those areas with low radioactive pollution levels, is still heavily affected by this problem. This slow recovery consequently affects immigration patterns. This review aims to present possible factors that have contributed to this dilemma. We first present an overview of the evacuation protocol that was administered in the study area following the Fukushima accident. We then analyze characteristics of the subsequent exodus by comparing population data for both before and after the accident. Based on the findings of existing literature, we identify three causes of emigration: Further research is needed on this issue, especially with respect to countermeasures for addressing this problem.

Presents a literature review of agricultural wastes, covering publications of Some of the areas covered are: A list of references is also presented. Inspections of radiocesium concentration levels in rice from Fukushima Prefecture after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. We summarize the inspections of radiocesium concentration levels in rice produced in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, for 3 years from the nuclear accident in The internal exposure of an average adult eating rice grown in the area north of the nuclear plant was estimated as 0.

In , Fukushima Prefecture authorities decided to investigate the radiocesium concentration levels in all rice using custom-made belt conveyor testers. The Pregnancy and Birth Survey was started by Fukushima Medical University as part of the Fukushima Health Management Survey in in order to assess the physical and mental health of mothers and provide parenting support telephone counseling for those in need.

The present study reviewed the major findings from 4 annual surveys conducted from to Overall proportions of preterm deliveries, low birth weight infants, and congenital anomalies in the first year were almost the same as those in national surveillance data. Regarding the content of parenting counseling, the proportion of mothers who voiced concerns about radiation decreased each year.

This survey should be continued to provide support to mothers in Fukushima. Radioecological indexes of fallout measurements from the Fukushima nuclear accident. Fallout from the Fukushima nuclear accident has been monitored for about 1 month in Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. Three different radionuclides, one short-lived, one relatively long-lived and one long- lived fission product were identified in air, grass and milk samples.

These radionuclides are of particular concern regarding their transfer from the environment to population through the ingestion pathways for the assessment of the Fukushima accident consequences. Radioecological indexes eco-indexes of fallout measurements in the air-grass-cow-milk-man pathway for I were determined, as they are related to radiological impact of the Fukushima derived radionuclides on the public and environment.

There is an increasing need to develop faster analytical methods for emergency response, including emergency soil and air filter samples [1, 2]. Department of Energy effort to provide assistance to the government of Japan, following the nuclear event at Fukushima Daiichi, resulting from the earthquake and tsunami on March 11, Of particular concern was whether it was safe to plant rice in certain areas prefectures near Fukushima.

SRNL analyzed approximately samples and reported approximately analytical method determinations. Samples included soil from farmland surrounding the Fukushima reactors and air monitoring samples of national interest, including those collected at the U. Embassy and American military bases. Samples were analyzed for a wide range of radionuclides, including strontium, strontium, gamma-emitting radionuclides, and plutonium, uranium, americium and curium isotopes.

Technical aspects of the rapid soil and air filter analyses will be described. The extent of radiostrontium contamination was a significant concern. There is an increasing need to develop faster analytical methods for emergency response, including emergency soil and air filter samples. This instructional unit is one of 10 developed by students on various energy-related areas that deals specifically with agricultural energy practices.

Its objective is for the student to be able to discuss energy use and conservation of resources in the production of agricultural products. Some topics covered are basic uses of direct energy in…. The objective of this report is to describe some results of a questionnaire-based pregnancy and birth survey conducted by the Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Questionnaires were sent to women who received maternal and child health handbooks from municipal officers in Fukushima Prefecture between 1 August and 31 July , with the aim of reaching those who were pregnant at the time of the disaster.

Mailing began 18 January Data were analyzed separately for six geographic areas in Fukushima Prefecture. The total number of women meeting survey criteria was 15, The number of responses received to date is 9, Data from respondents were analyzed after excluding invalid responses and 5 induced and 57 spontaneous abortions less than 22 gestational weeks. The incidences of stillbirth over 22 completed gestational weeks , preterm birth, low birth weight and congenital anomalies were 0.

Levels and Effects of Radiation Exposure due to the 2011 Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power accident

These incidences are similar to recent averages elsewhere in Japan. Considering the pregnancy and birth survey data in aggregate, our disaster seemed to provoke no significant adverse outcomes over the whole of Fukushima prefecture. But post-disaster prenatal care and support intended for patients' safety and security should be coupled with ongoing surveillance and rigorous data analysis. The Agriculture sectors comprise establishments primarily engaged in growing crops, raising animals, and harvesting fish and other animals. The four geophysical methods predominantly used for agricultural purposes are resistivity, electromagnetic induction, ground penetrating radar GPR , and time domain reflectometry TDR.

Resistivity and electromagnetic induction methods are typically employed to map lateral variations of apparent so The Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent nuclear power plant accident caused multidimensional and long-term effects on the mental health condition of people living in Fukushima. In this article, focusing on the influence of the nuclear disaster, we present an overview of studies regarding the psychosocial consequences of people in Fukushima. Studies revealed that the experiences of the explosions at the plant as well as the tsunami are deeply embedded in their memory, leading to posttraumatic responses.

Chronic physical diseases, worries about livelihood, lost jobs, lost social ties, and concerns about compensation were also associated with posttraumatic responses. Furthermore, the radioactive fallout brought chronic anxiety regarding physical risks of radiation exposure to people, especially young mothers. People often have different opinions about the radiation risk and their own future plans, resulting in a reduction in the resilience that communities and families had before the disaster.

In addition, such weakened community resilience may produce a significant increase in disaster-related suicide in Fukushima. Specific social issues, such as "radiation stigma" among the public and self-stigma among evacuees, that are never seen with other natural disasters also increased in Fukushima. After the vast disasters caused by the great earthquake and tsunami in eastern Japan, we proposed applying our Muon Tomography MT technique to help and improve the emergency situation at Fukushima Daiichi using cosmic-ray muons. Our goal is to help the Japanese people and support remediation of the reactors.

At LANL, we have carried out a proof-of-principle technical demonstration and simulation studies that established the feasibility of MT to image a reactor core. We requested funding to the US and Japanese government to assess damage of reactors at Fukushima Daiichi. The two steps will bring our project to the 'ready-to-go' level.

Radioactive release during nuclear accidents in Chernobyl and Fukushima. Nuclear accidents that occurred in Chernobyl and Fukushima have initiated many research interests to understand the cause and mechanism of radioactive release within reactor compound and to the environment. Common types of radionuclide release are the fission products from the irradiated fuel rod itself. In case of nuclear accident, the focus of monitoring will be mostly on the release of noble gases, I and Cs As these are the only accidents have been rated within International Nuclear Events Scale INES Level 7, the radioactive release to the environment was one of the critical insights to be monitored.

By referring to the previous reports using computational code systems to model the release rate, the release activity of I and Cs in Chernobyl was significantly higher compare to Fukushima. The simulation code also showed that Chernobyl had higher release rate of both radionuclides on the day of accident. Other factors affecting the radioactive release for Fukushima and Chernobyl accidents such as the current reactor technology and safety measures are also compared for discussion. Genetic and ecological studies of animals in Chernobyl and Fukushima.

Recent advances in genetic and ecological studies of wild animal populations in Chernobyl and Fukushima have demonstrated significant genetic, physiological, developmental, and fitness effects stemming from exposure to radioactive contaminants. The few genetic studies that have been conducted in Chernobyl generally show elevated rates of genetic damage and mutation rates. All major taxonomic groups investigated i. In Fukushima , population censuses of birds, butterflies, and cicadas suggested that abundances were negatively impacted by exposure to radioactive contaminants, while other groups e.

Insufficient information exists for groups other than insects and birds to assess effects on life history at this time. The differences observed between Fukushima and Chernobyl may reflect the different times of exposure and the significance of multigenerational mutation accumulation in Chernobyl compared to Fukushima.

There was considerable variation among taxa in their apparent sensitivity to radiation and this reflects in part life history, physiology, behavior, and evolutionary history. Interestingly, for birds, population declines in Chernobyl can be predicted by historical mitochondrial DNA base-pair substitution rates that may reflect intrinsic DNA repair ability. For permissions, please e-mail: For more information about INL's nuclear energy research, visit http: The Fukushima nuclear accident in March posed major threats to public health.

In response, medical professionals have tried to communicate the risks to residents. To investigate forms of risk communication and to share lessons learned, we reviewed medical professionals' activities in Fukushima Prefecture from the prefectural level to the individual level: The activities generally started with radiation risks, mainly through group-based discussions, but gradually shifted to face-to-face communications to address comprehensive health risks to individuals and well-being. The activities were intended to support residents' decisions and to promote public health in a participatory manner.

This article highlights the need for a systematic evaluation of ongoing risk communication practices, and a wider application of successful approaches for Fukushima recovery and for better preparedness for future disasters. However, some studies on dose estimation have been published since then. In addition, the UNSCEAR report states it was likely that some overestimation had been introduced generally by the methodology used by the Committee. For example, effects of decontamination were not considered in the lifetime external dose estimated. Decontamination is in progress for most living areas in Fukushima Prefecture, which could reduce long-term external dose to residents.

Medical and health surveillance in postaccident recovery: The accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant occurred following the huge tsunami and earthquake of 11 March After the accident, there was considerable uncertainty and concern about the health effects of radiation. In this difficult situation, emergency responses, including large-scale evacuation, were implemented. The primary purposes of FHMS were to monitor the long-term health of residents, promote their well-being, and monitor any health effects related to long-term, low-dose radiation exposure.

Despite the severity of the Fukushima accident and the huge impact of the natural disaster, radiation exposure of the public was very low. However, there were other serious health problems, including deaths during evacuation, increased mortality among displaced elderly people, mental health and lifestyle-related health problems, and social issues after the accident.

On March 11, , a devastating earthquake and subsequent tsunami caused serious damage to areas of the Pacific coast in Fukushima prefecture and prompted fears among the residents about a possible meltdown of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant reactors.

As of , over six years have passed since the Fukushima nuclear crisis and yet the full ramifications of the biological exposures to this accidental release of radioactive substances remain unclear. Furthermore, although several genetic studies have determined that the variation in radiation sensitivity among different individuals is wider than expected, personalized medical approaches for Fukushima victims have seemed to be insufficient. In this commentary, we discuss radiobiological issues arising from low-dose radiation exposure, from the cell-based to the population level.

We also introduce the scientific utility of the Integrative Japanese Genome Variation Database iJGVD , an online database released by the Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University that covered the whole genome sequences of 2, healthy individuals in the northeastern part of Japan in Here we propose a personalized radiation risk assessment and medical approach, which considers the genetic variation of radiation sensitivity among individuals, for next-step developments in radiological protection.

The Fukushima Health Management Survey. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidences and obstetric outcomes of women who conceived using assisted reproductive technology ART procedures in Fukushima Prefecture before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. Information was collected and analyzed from 12, women who conceived with or without ART in Fukushima Prefecture during the 9 months before and after the disaster. During the 9 months before and after the disaster, 2. The proportion of women who conceived with IVF-ET decreased during the 2 months immediately after the disaster, but returned to pre-disaster levels 3 months after the disaster.

In the case of women who conceived without IVF-ET, the incidences of preterm birth and low birth weight increased after the disaster. In contrast, women who conceived with IVF-ET did not differ significantly in obstetric outcomes before and after the disaster but had a higher incidence of cesarean section and low birth weight compared to those conceived without IVF-ET, regardless of the study period. The influence of the disaster on woman who conceived using ART procedures was minimal.

Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidences and obstetric outcomes of women who conceived using assisted reproductive technology ART procedures in Fukushima Prefecture before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. Methods Information was collected and analyzed from 12, women who conceived with or without ART in Fukushima Prefecture during the 9 months before and after the disaster.

Results During the 9 months before and after the disaster, 2. Conclusion The influence of the disaster on woman who conceived using ART procedures was minimal. Adverse biological impacts of the Fukushima nuclear accident have been revealed using the pale grass blue butterfly, Zizeeria maha, since , which were often considered incompatible with the conventional understanding of radiation biology. This discrepancy likely originates from different system conditions and methodologies. In this article, we first respond to comments from the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR regarding our study; "technical errors" in unit usage and mathematical models noted by UNSCEAR are not errors but reflect our research philosophy not to introduce theoretical assumptions associated with unit conversion and mathematical fit.

Second, we review our recent studies to support the original conclusions. Because the high morphological abnormality rate and small body size detected in Fukushima in have already ceased, likely through adaptive evolution, their present geographical distributions were investigated throughout Japan. Local populations showing relatively high abnormality rates and small body sizes were rare and basically restricted to Miyagi and its northern populations excluding the Fukushima populations, supporting the causal involvement of the accident.

Lastly, we stress the importance of understanding the whole picture of the biological impacts of the Fukushima accident. In addition to the direct radiation impacts, indirect impacts through unknown radiation-associated mechanisms, such as immunological responses to insoluble particulate matter and nutritional deficiencies in plants and animals, would be in effect.

Further environmental studies beyond conventional radiation biology and physics are necessary to understand the complex responses of organisms, including humans, to the Fukushima nuclear accident. On 11 March , northern Japan was rocked by first a magnitude 9. The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant complex was hit by these twin disasters, and a cascade of events was initiated that led to radionuclide releases causing widespread radioactive contamination of residential areas, agricultural land, and coastal waters. Radioactive material from Japan was subsequently transmitted to locations around the globe, including the U.

The levels of radioactive material that arrived in the U. The radiation safety and public health communities in the U. This paper discusses three of those challenges: However, these three challenges are fundamental to any radiological emergency response. Addressing them will have a significant positive impact on how the U. The Fukushima radiological emergency and challenges identified for future public health responses. The Great East Japan earthquake: A catastrophic undersea megathrust earthquake of magnitude 9.

The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves, and the tsunami precipitated Fukushima nuclear accidents. After the terrible earthquake, many people fled from the nuclear accident and arrived at places far from the nuclear power plant. In this article, I present a story of one measure devised to deal with the problem of the Fukushima nuclear accident at a regional hospital of Fukushima prefecture, Aizu General Hospital, which is located far from the Fukushima nuclear plant.

In addition, I briefly report the current situation of Fukushima prefecture after the Great East Japan earthquake. In our hospital, the countermeasure headquarters was established to supply medical care for those who had been injured by tsunami waves and the Fukushima nuclear accident.

Especially, the screening for radioactive exposure using a dosimeter to take decontamination measures for cases of external exposure was extremely important task. Nevertheless, because the accurate knowledge related to radioactive contamination didn't provide, most medical staff fell into confusion. Fukushima prefecture has been 'shrinking' since the nuclear accident. However, today, although some hot spots remain in residential areas, the radioactive contamination is decreasing little by little.

Many people in Fukushima Prefecture advance as one, facing forward. Recently, decontamination projects started. Efforts must be continued over a long period. The extinction of farm animals and crops is rarely brought up during discussions of endangered species and biodiversity; however, the loss of diversity in crops and livestock threatens the sustainability of agriculture. Study of the radiocesium dynamics in the Fukushima forest ecosystems. Accident at Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP on March 11, , has resulted in release into the environment of large amounts of radiocesium Cs and Cs and in radioactive contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

In particular, understanding of the radiocesium dynamics in the ecosystem compartments is necessary for the reliable long-term prognosis.

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Numerous studies revealed and quantified the key processes governing radiocesium redistribution in Fukushima forests at the early stage after the accident, when initially intercepted radiocesium was gradually transported from the trees' crowns to the soil surface and profile with precipitations and litterfall, and the general trend was a decrease of the radiocesium total inventory in the forest biomass.

However, at the later stage, the radiocesium activities in the biomass compartments can increase due to its root uptake from the soil profile; the two major processes, radionuclide root uptake and its return to soil, will determine the future radiocesium levels in the forest compartments.

Objectives of our study were characterization of the radiocesium distribution at the beginning of the late stage, revealing its dynamics and parameterization of the above-mentioned fluxes for prognosis of the radiocesium long-term redistribution in the typical Fukushima forest ecosystems. The study started at one experimental site Yamakiya district, Kawamata town, Fukushima Prefecture in the spring of ; to the moment, it has been continuing at several experimental sites in the Fukushima zone characterized by different species composition and soil-landscape conditions.

For the typical Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica and Japanese red pine Pinus Densiflora forests, we determined distributions of radiocesium in. Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP accident has resulted in release into the environment of large amounts of Cs and Cs and in radioactive contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. At the early stage, radiocesium was intercepted by the trees' canopies.

Numerous studies reported redistribution of the initial fallout in Fukushima forests in the followed period due to litterfall and leaching of radiocesium from the foliage with precipitations. By now these processes have transported the major part of deposited radiocesium to litter and soil compartments. Future levels of radiocesium activities in the aboveground biomass will depend on relative efficiencies of the radiocesium root uptake and its return to the soil surface with litterfall and precipitations. Radiocesium soil-to-plant transfer factors for typical tree species, soil types and landscape conditions of Fukushima prefecture have not been studied well; moreover, they may change in time with approaching to the equilibrium between radioactive and stable cesium isotopes in the ecosystem.

The present paper reports the results of several ongoing projects carried out by Institute of Environmental Radioactivity of Fukushima University at the experimental sites in Fukushima prefecture. For typical Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica forest, we determined distributions of radiocesium in the ecosystem and in the aboveground biomass compartments by the end of ; available results for are presented, too, as well as the results of test application of D-shuttle dosimeters for characterization of seasonal variations of radiocesium activity in wood.

Based on the radiocesium activities in biomass we derived the upper estimates of its incorporation and root uptake fluxes, 0. Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents: The environmental impacts of the nuclear accidents of Chernobyl and Fukushima are compared.


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In almost every respect, the consequences of the Chernobyl accident clearly exceeded those of the Fukushima accident. In both accidents, most of the radioactivity released was due to volatile radionuclides noble gases, iodine, cesium, tellurium. However, the amount of refractory elements including actinides emitted in the course of the Chernobyl accident was approximately four orders of magnitude higher than during the Fukushima accident. For Chernobyl, a total release of 5, PBq excluding noble gases has been established as the most cited source term.

For Fukushima , we estimated a total source term of PBq. Monitoring campaigns after both accidents reveal that the environmental impact of the Chernobyl accident was much greater than of the Fukushima accident. Both the highly contaminated areas and the evacuated areas are smaller around Fukushima and the projected health effects in Japan are significantly lower than after the Chernobyl accident. This is mainly due to the fact that food safety campaigns and evacuations worked quickly and efficiently after the Fukushima accident.

In contrast to Chernobyl, no fatalities due to acute radiation effects occurred in Fukushima. Cost and effectiveness of decontamination strategies in radiation contaminated areas in Fukushima in regard to external radiation dose. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the cost and effectiveness of decontamination strategies in the special decontamination areas in Fukushima in regard to external radiation dose.

A geographical information system GIS was used to relate the predicted external dose in the affected areas to the number of potential inhabitants and the land use in the areas. A comprehensive review of the costs of various decontamination methods was conducted as part of the analysis. The results indicate that aerial decontamination in the special decontamination areas in Fukushima would be effective for reducing the air dose rate to the target level in a short period of time in some but not all of the areas. In addition, the costs of decontamination per person per unit area are estimated to vary greatly.

Appropriate selection of decontamination methods may significantly decrease decontamination costs, allowing more meaningful decontamination in terms of the limited budget. Our analysis can help in examining the prioritization of decontamination areas from the viewpoints of cost and effectiveness in reducing the external dose. Decontamination strategies should be determined according to air dose rates and future land-use plans. Mineralogical and geomicrobial examination of soil contamination by radioactive Cs due to Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident.

Absorption and desorption experiments of Cs were conducted for several phyllosillicates kaolinite, sericite, montmorillonite, vermiculite, chrysotile and biotite , zeolite and solid organic matter dead and green leaves. The results confirmed the characteristic sorption and desorption of Cs by these materials. Heated vermiculite for agricultural use and weathered montmorillonite also adsorbed Cs.

Leaves also absorbed Cs considerably but easily desorbed it. In summary, the relative capacity and strength of different materials for sorption of Cs followed the order: Culture experiments using bacteria of both naturally living on dead leaves in Iitate village, Fukushima Pref. Two types of strong or considerable bacterial uptakes of Cs were found in bacterial cells. One is that Cs was contained mainly as globules inside bacteria and the other is that Cs was absorbed in the whole bacterial cells. The globules consisted mainly of Cs and P. Based on all these results, future diffusion and re-circulation behavior of Cs in the surface environment was discussed.

Radioactivity impacts of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident on the atmosphere. The Fukushima Nuclear Accident FNA resulted in a large amount of radionuclides released into the atmosphere and dispersed globally, which has greatly raised public concerns. The state of the art for source terms of 19 kinds of radionuclides derived from the FNA was comprehensively collected and compared with levels of the global fallout and the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident CNA.

The atmospheric impacts of the FNA were evaluated from three aspects including radioactive baseline of the atmosphere, the concentration limits in standards and radiological protection. The FNA should not impose significant radiological risk on the public members in the countries excluding Japan. A conceptual scheme of Fukushima -derived radionuclides with physical and physicochemical insights on different temporal-spatial timescales was discussed and illustrated to understand their fates in the atmosphere.

Secondary wind transport of radioactive materials after the Fukushima accident. Data from the radiation monitoring network surrounding the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant FNPP revealed that the radiation levels generally decayed faster at a highly-contaminated area than at neighboring moderately-contaminated areas during the first month after the Fukushima nuclear accident in March, Two possible mechanisms are considered: The composition data from soil does not favor the latter scenario, except for the local coastal region south of the FNPP, while inter-regional transport from the highly-contaminated area to the moderately-contaminated areas explains both the general difference in the decay rate in the entire area and the relatively slow decay at a high-dose rate anomaly 40 km northwest of the FNPP.

Elevated radioxenon detected remotely following the Fukushima nuclear accident.

fukushima prefect agricultural: Topics by leondumoulin.nl

We report on the first measurements of short-lived gaseous fission products detected outside of Japan following the Fukushima nuclear releases, which occurred after a 9. First detections of Xe were made starting early March 16, only four days following the earthquake. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Effects of the nuclear disaster on marine products in Fukushima.

As of October , we had inspected the radionuclide I, Cs and Cs concentrations in specimens within marine species collected off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture from April The overall radioactive Cs concentrations of the total marine products have decreased significantly. Radioactive Cs concentrations decreased quickly or were below detection limits in pelagic fishes and some invertebrates, and decreased constantly in seaweed, surf clams, and other organisms. However, in some coastal demersal fishes, the declining trend was much more gradual, and concentrations above the regulatory limit have been detected frequently, indicating continued uptake of radioactive Cs through the benthic food web.

The main continuing source of radioactive Cs to the benthic food web is expected to be the radioactive Cs-containing detritus in sediment. Long-term and careful monitoring of marine products in the waters off Fukushima Prefecture, especially around the FDNPP, is necessary to restart the coastal fishery reliably and to prevent harmful rumors in the future. Objectives To present a preliminary review of potential thyroid consequences of the Fukushima nuclear reactor accident.

The review was made using these data from the website. Individual thyroid radiation doses were less than 50 mSv intervention levels even in evacuation areas. As for health consequences, no one died and no one suffered from acute effects. Conclusions Countermeasures against radiation must consider current individual measured values, although every effort must be taken to reconstruct radiation doses as precisely as possible.

At present, the difference of thyroid radiation dose between Chernobyl and Fukushima appears to be due to the strict control of milk started within a week after the accident in Fukushima. Since the iodine plume moved around in wide areas and for a long time, the method of thyroid protection must be reconsidered. Fish from the area are now being assessed using a non-destructive testing regimen developed by Tohoku University. Fish were contaminated both by the initial event One of the many secondary effects of these disas- ters was a loss of control of the Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear.

Field Survey of the Tohoku Tsunami in Fukushima. On March 11, , a magnitude Mw 9. The earthquake and tsunami flooding of the nuclear power plant resulted in a series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdowns, and releases of radioactive materials. Because of the sudden impact of the accident, all the residents had to vacate the area within a 20 km radius from the NPP.

Consequently, no tsunami survey had been permitted in the restricted area. Likewise debris removal and reconstruction had been widely postponed. In February , almost eleven months later, a small group of tsunami scientists entered the exclusion zone with a special permit and surveyed tsunami effects along this 40 km stretch of coastline for the first time. The recent partial lift of the access restriction allowed more detailed follow-up surveys in June and August Here we report tsunami runup measurements along the Fukushima coasts where the data had been absent.

The envelope of the tsunami runup heights along the coast was found to be approximately at the level of 13 m T. Tokyo Peil , while a localized maximum runup of The runup pattern along the restricted Fukushima coast is consistent with the interpolation from the runup values previously measured outside of the restricted area. We also discuss the persistence of observed tsunami effects that remained in the environment given the human absence for almost one full year: In response to the disasters in Japan on March 11, , and the subsequent emissions from Fukushima -Daiichi, we monitored the air near Los Alamos using four air-monitoring systems: Each of these systems has advantages and disadvantages.

In combination, they provide a comprehensive set of measurements of airborne radionuclides near Los Alamos during the weeks following March We report air-monitoring measurements of the fission products released from the Fukushima -Daiichi nuclear-power-plant accident in These data, together with measurements of other radionuclides, are adequate for an assessment and assure us that radionuclides from Fukushima Daiichi did not present a threat to human health at or near Los Alamos.

The data demonstrate the capabilities of the Los Alamos air-monitoring systems. Trace levels of Fukushima disaster radionuclides in East Pacific albacore. The Fukushima Daiichi power station released several radionuclides into the Pacific following the March earthquake and tsunami. The Fukushima nuclear disaster should be marked as a point of departure towards energy policy evolution needed in the 21st century. Japan had cast off the skin after the oil shocks of the s, where energy efficiency and saving played a critical role. Japan might have looked very different without these innovative policies.

The post- Fukushima Japan faces multiple challenges, each of which constitutes a daunting task for policymakers such as surging LNG import costs and nuclear restarting. However, overcoming these problems one by one is not enough. Intensifying climate impact alerts us to the arrival of a historical inflection point requiring a radical shift in energy model worldwide, where Japan will be best suited to take the lead in view of its energy history and technology.

The on-going effort after Fukushima to renew her energy and nuclear policy is suggestive of her potential to develop an innovative energy model by casting off the skin again. If successful, on the contrary, Asia will become the "solution centre" benefiting the global community. Asia is too big to fail as the whole world will be badly affected. The new energy model of Japan will serve as "public goods" for Asian countries in developing their new energy model towards sustainable future. Radiocarbon Releases from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident.

Xu, Sheng; Cook, Gordon T. Radiocarbon activities were measured in annual tree rings for the years to from Japanese cedar trees Cryptomeria japonica collected at six sites ranging from 2. The 14C specific activity varied from The elevated 14C activities in the and rings confirmed 14C discharges during routine reactor operations, whereas those activities that were indistinguishable from background in — coincided with the permanent shutdown of the reactors after the accident in High-resolution 14C analysis of the ring indicated 14C releases during the Fukushima accident.

The resulted 14C activity decreased with increasing distance from the plant. The maximum 14C activity released during the period of the accident was measured The elevated 14C activities in the and rings confirmed 14C discharges during routine reactor operations, whereas those activities that were indistinguishable from background in coincided with the permanent shutdown of the reactors after the accident in Predicting the long-term Cs distribution in Fukushima after the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident: Radioactive materials deposited on the land surface of Fukushima Prefecture from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant explosion is a crucial issue for a number of reasons, including external and internal radiation exposure and impacts on agricultural environments and aquatic biota.