Manual TWO WHEELS, TWO RIVERS: London to Budapest via Rhine and Danube, a cyclists diary

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Riding downhill on the cobblestones to reach the Danube River was not nearly as It was reminiscent of London, because there were construction cranes Early in the day we saw two deer, the first we've seen since leaving France. . Cycling through the Danube Bend in Hungary, we could see the.
Table of contents

• Open Geosciences
• Find a Cruise
• 16 Best Bike and Barge - Danube images | Danube river, Bike, Danube river cruise

Interpretative Panel — At the Saltford bridge, the panel is placed in front of an exposure of Upper Jurassic limestones and shales with their entombed ammonite fossils. However, because the panel does not face oncoming cyclists most do not notice its presence! Interpretative Panel — The panel illustrates the three fossils likely to be found in the local rocks, together with an illustration of an ichthyosaur, and provides some palaeoenvironmental information together with a brief geoconservation message. Supplementary local and regional routes increase its coverage and usage.

Figure 5 Map of the EuroVelo routes — This outlines the routes with their numbers of the pan-European cycle network. Using the EV network as its spine, tourist packages for senior cyclists, partly with the intention of encouraging their sense of European identity through international experiences and extending the tourism season are projected outcomes. A desktop study particularly for internet-only materials , a physical library search and fieldwork underpin this study. For the themes and case study areas some geographical, if not temporal, overlap was sought.

It was also considered desirable, for geo-interpretative purposes, that the themes had some human-interest element and topicality, preferably with current environmental concerns. It was considered essential that sites related to the selected themes, to facilitate the incorporation of geotourism within existing routes, are readily accessible from the NCN, EV and their supplementary networks. These were then matched to a series of UK and mainland Europe case studies based around rivers. Rivers were selected because the various cycling route networks rather focus on them; additionally, especially in hilly and mountainous areas, their cycle routes provide gentle inclines especially suited to the physical capabilities of leisure cyclists.

The case studies demonstrate that cycling geotourism can be integrated within current cycle paths and routes instead of completely standalone provision. The most appropriate geological theme selected, partly recognised from previous research [ 49 , 50 ], is loess because of its widespread occurrence and inherent climate change record of the past two-million years.

Its origins have climate change implications which are topical and easily comprehended by the public for geotourism purposes [ 51 ]. The most appropriate geomorphological theme selected is rivers Figure 6 , partly because of their significance in loess distribution and research, and because their valleys are natural routeways. This incorporates three consecutive periods, the Neolithic 4,, years ago , the Mesolithic 6,, years ago and the Palaeolithic 12,, years ago in Europe, but older elsewhere.

They sometimes used loess to make bricks, tiles and pottery. Their particularly funerary monuments and written records provide some human-interest. There are also numerous archaeological sites and museums with some Roman interest across Europe. The geographical overlap of the loess and Romans themes can be readily appreciated on summary maps Figure 7. Thick loess deposits are concentrated, in a broad east-west belt from Britain to the Black Sea.

However, where not discretely mapped within that belt it is at least a minor, and usually under-reported, constituent of many soils and river valley sediments. The Romans have featured in popular major movies such as Gladiator and The Eagle and there are numerous well-preserved Roman sites across Europe.

The selected archaeological and historical periods are politically neutral. Loess, silt particles deposited by aeolian processes over extensive areas of the mid-latitudes during glacial and postglacial times, provides a unique palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental terrestrial archive [ 53 , 54 ] of the of the past 2. Winds picked it up in the northern polar deserts, bordering the ice-caps of the last two Ice Ages, carrying it southward [ 57 ] where it accumulated in layers tens of metres thick in mainland Europe but usually much less than a metre in Britain [ 58 ].

Also picked up were sand-sized particles; these settled closer to the polar deserts, forming a belt of aeolian sand, sometimes seen as coversands, lying north of the loess belt. Rivers are major erosional land-shaping elements that carry and deposit as fluviatile sediments a range of clays, silts, sands and gravels across their valleys. They have provided food and water, transport routes, and settlement sites for humankind since it migrated into Europe around a million years ago, although permanent settlement only began about , years ago.

Pleistocene fluviatile sediments are an important repository for Palaeolithic artefacts, from which a record of early human, especially Lower Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers, occupation can be reconstructed [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]. This is because rivers receive coarse detritus from the landscapes they drain, much of which remains in their valley deposits.

Many fluviatile deposits incorporate reworked loess and aeolian sands. Stone artefacts have found their way naturally into these and gravel terrace deposits, whilst other are in them due to human activity such as flint knapping on river beds. Stone Age hunter-gatherers and settlers migrated into Europe from the south and east, following the withdrawal of the Ice Age glaciers.

The Palaeolithic coincides almost exactly with the latter half of the Pleistocene epoch 2. It was period of great geographical changes particularly in coastlines and the courses of major rivers marked by major cyclical climatic fluctuations and sea levels changes; these affected human expansion, settlement, hunting and farming activities across Europe. Stone Age peoples made practical use of implements fashioned from a limited range of rock types, trading them over great distances. They settled on loess-derived soils because they were easy to till with unsophisticated farming implements and techniques.

The last Stone Age migrants left a rich archaeological record, particularly along its major rivers and strategic hill tops. Its foundation indicates that there is an opportunity to develop geotourism resources for geoconservation linked to the geoarchaeology of loess areas. The Romans introduced viticulture across Europe; some of the Danube, Moselle and Rhine valley vineyards are on land they first cultivated. Many of the major routeways and their settlements established by the Romans are still in use.

Within these, potential geotourism sites were identified for consideration on rivers of three loosely defined magnitudes:. The rivers, respectively in order of length and drainage area, Flit, Ver, and Great Ouse, in central eastern England Figure 8a , are in a region with loess of mainly Late Devensian age, subjected to late Devensian periglaciation evident in some river terrace sections with parts also subjected to the full Anglian glaciation. A south Essex and Hertfordshire loess province has been particularly recognized [ 68 ].

In north-east Hertfordshire loess is mainly found in river valleys. Little loess lies where it originally fell and is unaltered. Most has been re-deposited locally by downwash on valley sides, admixture with other deposits through cryoturbation, and further afield by rivers. It is almost ubiquitous on the Chalk downlands.

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Loess is indicated as such on maps of the Soil Survey of England and Wales. Rarely, it contains the bones of steppe and tundra animals such as mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, and voles. Figure 8 Central Eastern England. Map of major loess deposits in Central Eastern England — Whilst loess deposits can be found across, although probably considerably under-reported, much of England and Wales they are often very thin and incorporated within soils.

Thicker, up to about 2-m loess deposits can be found in eastern England, especially in a few coastal sections. The Five Knolls, Dunstable Downs — This has seven barrows, or burial mounds, and was used for burials from late Neolithic to Roman times. The metal plaque atop a concrete post, probably dating from the lates, provides basic site information; it is the only one of several such remaining intact on the site and will probably outlast the fibreglass interpretative panel emplaced in the s. St Albans, Roman town walls — The incomplete remains of the town wall of Verulamium stand up to 4m in height with each major section having a small information panel.

The walls consist of cemented local flint rubble, with locally-made red tile coursing. Just off the town lies the site museum and an amphitheatre. Flitwick, late 19 th C. OS , map extract — This shows two gravel pits the asterisk marks the position of one of them and a sand pit, together with part of Flitwick Moor - shown as hummocky grass with trees. Flitwick, early 21 st C. OS map extract — The street map extract reproduced to the same scale as 8e shows in some detail how almost the entire late th C. Biddenham Pit, the entrance — The entrance to the pit, via a usually locked gate, is to the left of the interpretative panel and off an upmarket private housing estate cul de sac.

The pit, in a hollow below the fencing, is somewhat overgrown, a common problem with such Quaternary sites. Biddenham Pit, the main face — The gravels at the top of the exposed face show the relict effects of periglacial conditions. The large v-shaped dark notch top left is an ice-wedge.

Its outline has been preserved by wind-blown sand and dust loess. The walking pole, used for scale, is 1. Biddenham Pit Geo-Interpretative Panel — The panel is noteworthy for its geoarchaeological theme of river dynamics, the Stone Age and climate change. The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic legacy archaeological record suggests the areas with greatest potential for new sites are the Ouse Valley gravel terraces and the Chilterns loess deposits. Sealed, and currently unexploited or unexcavated near-river sites and valley deposits offer the most likely places where Upper Palaeolithic material might be found [ 70 ].

Most Mesolithic sites have been identified from surface collection. Its likely locations are rivers valley, good vantage points and high routeways - principally the Chilterns and the Greensand Ridge. Its three principal localities include the Biddenham Loop. Neolithic archaeology is patchy in distribution and context. Artefacts associated with domestic sites are mere near-surface flint scatters. This is generally characteristic of Palaeolithic to Mesolithic sites, but the older sites have often been covered by river silts and gravels.

Recorded ceremonial and burial monuments are relatively numerous because they are obvious as ground features and in aerial surveys; they are focused on river valleys, mainly the Ouse and Ivel, and the Chilterns. Significant loess sites with Stone Age archaeological interest were unearthed in the nineteenth century in and around the River Ver. Albans, with the River Colne is supplemented by eight circular walks, one of which [ 77 ] passes some of the Whipsnade geoarchaeological sites.

In the nineteenth century these brickearth pits yielded significant early human occupation finds [ 78 , 79 ]. Two were excavated, at Caddington and Whipsnade itself. The Palaeolithic and Neolithic finds were generally found beneath gravels overlying material derived from loess accumulated in dolines within the Chalk. The artefacts from these early excavations and other sites, in the several brickyards around Dunstable and Hemel Hempstead, were illustrated, interpreted and popularly described by their excavator, Worthington G. Smith , in [ 80 ]. He continued observations in the area, finally in finding his first in situ implement at a Caddington brickpit, illustrated [ 81 ] in his book Man the Primeval Savage.

He particularly mentioned the Caddington sites, with detailed descriptions of their geology and natural history, in his book. The true Whipsnade site was not discovered until January , when a single hand-axe was recovered. Smith worked these sites, maintaining contact with their owners and workers to ensure finds were reported to him, over some 20 years. Being brick-pits, they were ephemeral, generally backfilled and even built over, making it very difficult to locate them today.

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Its re-examination failed to find any significant quantities of loess and artefacts. In a test section in the Butterfield Pit unearthed a small number of in situ flint flakes and a hand-axe. Just 3 kms to the north of the Whipsnade sites, on the Dunstable Downs part of the Chiltern Hills , is the Five Knolls Figure 8c where seven barrows mark a burial site used from late Neolithic to Roman times; its new interpretative panel, unlike the old informational plaque, does not mention the Neolithic.

The site was first recorded in the eighteenth century by the famous English antiquarian William Stukeley It was partly excavated in the s and s. All the southern Bedfordshire river sites are within 20 kms of St.