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Until it's empty and it's time for more wine. It is not every day that Wine Country makes an appearance in a presidential debate. But we live in strange times, and stranger things have happened. Following the contentious exchange between Warren and Buttigieg, the hashtag winecave quickly began trending on Twitter. What is a wine cave? Where is the wine cave? These were some of the questions the American people pondered as they were assessing the performances of the Democratic candidates.

We also have wine caves with excellent wines — but with fewer shiny items to distract voters from the real issues at hand. Click through the gallery above for all the details. Here are some photos of the Buttigieg fundraiser in Napa — with the famous wine cave and the chandelier with 1, Swarovski crystals — that BrianSlodysko wrote about.


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    • This Winemaker Thinks So. Slide 1 of 6 Buena Vista Winery, Sonoma: The only extravagant aspect about this wine cave is that you might run into the ghost of count Agoston Haraszth, the founder of this historic winery. Slide 3 of 6 Deerfield Ranch Winery, Kenwood: Rooms in this cave are maintained at a cool 58 degrees so your donors can stay comfortable even in summer heat and are furnished with sofas and easy chairs.


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      • Subscribe Now! Sign Up. In temperate zones of the United States and Europe, especially at higher latitudes and elevations, only a few species can use caves, or even rock or erosion crevices, for rearing young. These sites are simply too cold. However, extremely rare exceptions can be found, even in northwestern Canada.

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      They remain safe despite being at ground level because there are no predators. Especially in desert areas, bats often must find rock or erosion crevices that receive just the right amount of heat from the sun. By being very clever in their selection, tiny western pipistrelles Pipistrellus hesperus can use cliff-face crevices year-round 8. They look for warm but not extremely hot crevices to rear young in summer, and cool but not sub-freezing ones for winter hibernation. These tiny bats wedge into spaces only a half-inch or less wide, enabling them to press tightly to the rock surface for temperature control and move deeper to avoid extremes.

      Also, in such tight spaces, they can prevent attacks from hungry snakes by simply opening their mouths to fill the space so completely that the snake has no room to manuever.

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      Species that form larger colonies in more spacious cliff cavities attract the most attention, so they must be especially careful to avoid roosts that are accessible to climbing predators. For this reason, sometimes only one in tens of thousands of seemingly available spaces can be occupied. The western small-footed myotis Myotis ciliolabrum relies on an opposite strategy 9. Most temperate-zone bats are forced to migrate or hibernate to avoid winter weather extremes.

      Some, such as the western pipistrelle, survive winter by moving deep into cliff-face rock crevices where temperatures are low, but above freezing.

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      However, prior to the advent of modern humans, caves were by far the safest havens for consistently finding such conditions, and many bats are now so well adapted to hibernating in specific temperature zones of caves that they cannot change. Bats living in temperate climates typically spend the summer in tree cavities, man-made structures, or rock crevices that are sufficiently solar-heated to permit rearing of young.

      Since long migrations can consume as much energy as is required for an entire winter of hibernation, bats can afford lengthy travel only where hibernation caves are ideal. Bats have developed a variety of winter survival strategies in response to the temperature gradients found in hibernation caves. The cave diagram on page 10 provides a simplified illustration of how three bat species, through differring physiological and behavioral adaptations, have divided roosting habitat in a manner that minimizes competition.

      Eastern pipistrelles Pipistrellus subflavus 11 cannot survive below-freezing temperatures. Thus they must enter hibernation early and leave late, often remaining torpid except for brief arousals, from mid-September to early May. Indiana myotis Myotis sodalis 12 , on page 11 have an intermediate tolerance.

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      They hibernate from late October through March, while big brown bats Epetesicus fuscus , which are extremely hardy and even arrive during severe snowstorms, typically hibernate only from December through February. In order to survive until spring, hibernating bats must store large amounts of fat and lower their body temperatures as much as possible to reduce metabolic rates and consequent weight loss.

      Since bats spend close to 80 percent of their winter fat supply on necessary arousals to compensate for dehydration and changing temperature, it is important that exposure to the coldest, dryest air be minimized. Because big brown bats roost near cave entrances, where incoming air is exceptionally cold and dry, they often reduce their exposure by wedging into tight crevices.

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      Even so, rapid changes in temperature and humidity force them to arouse and move more often than other species, and this is especially costly. By spending less time in hibernation, they are able to occupy costly roosts and use a wider variety of hibernation sites, enabling them to avoid the expense of long migration. Indiana myotis limit surface exposure, and thus energy-wasting arousals, by packing into dense clusters. This also saves energy by allowing them to share body heat when waking up.

      Pete Buttigieg: Why Not Try These Sonoma Wine Cave Experiences Next Time?

      In contrast, eastern pipistrelles roost singly in relatively stable, inner areas where temperature fluctuations actually cause moisture to condense on their fur. Because they roost in the most stable, moist areas, pipistrelles undergo fewer forced arousals and apparently save sufficient energy to more than compensate for their higher daily metabolic costs.

      By tolerating warmer hibernation roosts, the opposite of what big brown bats do, they too are able to roost in a wider variety of caves and avoid long migrations. By forming large, tightly packed clusters in just a few ideally structured caves, where it occupied a relatively narrow middle range of temperature, this species apparently had minimized hibernation costs sufficiently to permit long migrations.

      It could build enormous colonies--an estimated 10 million or more in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, alone--but could not survive in the much wider variety of caves tolerated by big brown bats and eastern pipistrelles. Unfortunately, the very strategy that enabled this species to dominate eastern North America for thousands of years has today played an important role in its dramatic decline to endangered status. The kinds of exceptionally large, complex, and multi-entranced caves that Indiana bats require are also those most sought after for human recreation.

      Though many such caves are now commercialized, hope does exist. Increasingly, cave explorers, mining corporations, and some commercial cave owners are cooperating with BCI and with government agencies, private industry, and other wildlife organizations to identify and protect suitable hibernation sites where bat populations still can be restored. Last spring, the U.