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Table of contents
- Themes | Sport & Society Research Network
- Secondary menu
- Dr Geoffery Z. Kohe
- Laurent Dubois
- 1920s America
I advise graduate students in both History and Romance Studies, working on a range of topics in Caribbean and French colonial and post-colonial studies. Howard Johnson Teaching Award. New Directions Fellowship. Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. National Humanities Center. John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.
John E.
Themes | Sport & Society Research Network
Fagg Prize. American Historical Association. The David Pinkney Prize for the best book on French history. Society for French Historical Studies. The James A. Rawley Prize in Atlantic History. Humanities Writ Large awarded by Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Principal Investigator.
Dubois, L.
Secondary menu
The Banjo: America's African Instrument. Harvard University Press, Miller, J. Brown, J. Dubois, and K. The Princeton companion to Atlantic history , Gaffield, Julia, and Michel Acacia.
Dr Geoffery Z. Kohe
Edited by Laurent Dubois. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, A colony of citizens: Revolution and slave emancipation in the French Caribbean, , Haiti: The Aftershocks of History. Metropolitan Books, Bender, T. Rabinowitz, and L. The Atlantic World Reborn. New York: Giles Ltd, Soccer empire: The World cup and the future of France , Dubois, Laurent, and Julius S. Origins of the Black Atlantic. Routledge, New York: Bedford Press, Garrigus, eds. New Yorkj: Bedford Press, Oxford University Press, February Oxford University Press, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, The Atlantic World Reborn , edited by T.
Bender, L. Dubois, and R.
Sweden proves to be a somewhat different case compared to the other countries in our dataset, for the relative share of foreign-born athletes has often varied and remained quite low compared to national immigration rates. Lastly, as latecomers to immigration, Italy and Spain have witnessed an overall increase of athletes born abroad, which is also consistent with general immigration trends.
In , their teams were composed of 8. Having demonstrated that the Summer Olympics have not become inherently more migratory, we come to the third hypothesis: the pool of foreign-born athletes is becoming increasingly diverse. To verify this, we calculated the diversity among foreign athletes using the Herfindahl-index. We have chosen to compare and because information on both editions is near complete and it allows us to contrast the outcomes with global immigration diversity cf. An outcome close to 1 indicates high diversity, whereas an outcome close to 0 indicates concentration.
Table 2 shows that foreign-born Olympic athletes increasingly come from a wide range of different sending countries. The outcomes indicate that Olympic migration is diversifying.
Again, this seems to be a reflection of global migration patterns, rather than an isolated phenomenon. On a global scale, migration has also diversified, as immigrants increasingly originate from a wide array of sending countries all over the world. Footnote 2 In earlier editions, there was less diversity among the origin of foreign-born athletes, as many of them had a European or colonial background e.
Nowadays, foreign-born athletes come from all parts of the world. Caribbean migrants for instance now account for a substantial share of the global athletic migration e. Jamaican runners competing for Canada. On a country level, it turns out that not all countries have become equally diverse, let alone at the same pace. In comparison to the other participating countries, foreign-born athletes competing for Great Britain, France, Canada and the United States have always come from a variety of countries.
Other countries, like the Netherlands, were less diverse during earlier editions of the Olympic Games. In the case of the Netherlands, a relatively high influx of foreign-born athletes mainly stems from colonial linkages. Many foreign-born Dutch athletes that participated in the editions of and were born in Indonesia and had by analysing the look of their names Dutch roots. The Olympic teams of Great Britain and France, having had more colonies than the other countries in our selection, also consisted of a more diverse palette of foreigners.
In and , many French athletes born abroad came from Morocco and Algeria. Czaika and De Haas , p. These ties may have eroded over time, possibly coinciding with a diversification of migration. As we will demonstrate in the next section, Olympic migrants too increasingly come from different sending regions.
In the remainder of this article, we will highlight two epochs of migration that occurred over the course of Olympic history since the Second World War through a country-of-origin perspective. These epochs are meant to illustrate the fourth hypothesis underpinning this article, namely that the direction of the movement of Olympic athletes across borders has skewed in the previous decades.
During the first period after the Second World War, global migration patterns were predominantly European and to a large extent determined by colonial linkages.
Laurent Dubois
Nowadays, because of its skewed directional nature, migratory movements tend to be less European and more diverse in their offspring. Table 3 , which shows the cross-continental movements of foreign-born Olympic athletes in , forms a perfect illustration of the first epoch after the Second World War. Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and Croatia were among the top sending countries in terms of the absolute number of foreign-born athletes. These two findings are perfectly illustrated in Fig. Absolute no. The London Olympic Games are noted for their multicultural character and hence form a perfect illustration of the second epoch in the modern history of Olympic migration: the epoch of diversity.
In accordance with global migration patterns, we hypothesised that foreign-born Olympic athletes increasingly tend to come from non-European and non-colonial countries. Overall, Table 4 indeed shows the relative decline of foreign-born Olympians with a European background, resulting in a more equal distribution of foreign-born athletes over origin continents.
Together, these figures indicate how the direction of cross-continental movements has changed over the decades. In total, the share of athletes from North America, Oceania and South America has grown quite significantly. New countries of emigration have emerged, like Cuba, Jamaica, China and Brazil. In that same period, there were 33 Chinese athletes competing for another country almost all of them played badminton or table tennis. Again, this illustrates the central argument of this paper: Olympic migration is above all a reflection of global migration patterns, and therefore our data seem to concord well with OECD data on international migration.
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The diversified and skewed directional nature of current migration flows is visualised in Fig. Foreign athlete now come from a variety of countries all over the world. In comparison with Fig. Footnote 3. It must also be added that Olympic migrants often come from developed countries such as Germany, China, the United States and Great Britain. Although these countries are also among the top 15 countries of origin to new OECD countries OECD, , we might be dealing with a context-specific pattern here. Many athletes born in these countries face high competition in their home countries to be selected to participate at the Olympic Games.
Hence, they might seek refuge elsewhere to chase their Olympic dreams. Because of the non-biographic nature of our data no information on why and when an athlete has migrated it is hard to verify such hypotheses. We must be hesitant to conceive of our times as radically different from the past.
Migration in the context of the Olympics is above all a reflection of global migration patterns. Our results indicate that in the history of the Olympic Games, the selected countries have always been represented by sizeable amounts of foreign-born athletes. Olympic migration during earlier editions can to a great extent be characterised as European and colonial. Nowadays, in the epoch of diversity, foreign-born athletes come from all corners of the world. Overall, the intensity, diversity, and direction of Olympic migration correspond with OECD statistics on global migration flows.
1920s America
That is not to say that all countries are confronted with the same processes. It is important to note that countries have different histories of migration. Countries belonging to the first category Australia, Canada, and the United States have always been represented by many foreign-born athletes, especially those from Europe.