Diseases of the Pituitary: Diagnosis and Treatment: 4 (Contemporary Endocrinology)

Editorial Reviews. Review. " an excellent book that manages to condense a daunting Buy Diseases of the Pituitary: Diagnosis and Treatment: 4 ( Contemporary Endocrinology): Read Kindle Store Reviews - leondumoulin.nl .a good reference manual for any internist who performs initial endocrine evaluation and testing.
Table of contents

• Endocrinology
• References
• Course Title
• Acknowledgments
• Editorial: Can The History of Modern Endocrinology Shape the Future of Obesity?

Harvey Cushing, an acknowledged giant of academic medicine, was invited to serve as the Association's third president. Cushing accepted, and he took full advantage of the opportunity afforded by his Presidential Address to lambaste the practice of organotherapy: To ensure maximum visibility, Cushing arranged for this address to be published not in Endocrinology , the flagship journal of the fledgling Association, but rather in the much more widely read Journal of the American Medical Association.

It seems a remarkable coincidence that Cushing's address was delivered in the same year that insulin was isolated from pancreatic extracts by Banting, Macleod, Collip, and Best 9 , helping to usher in the modern era of endocrinology. The isolation of a specific hormone for therapeutic purposes marked a sea change that, along with the condemnation of Cushing and others, heralded the marginalization of organotherapy and its advocates. Thus, while the Endocrine Society was given birth by a wealthy and powerful physician who profited from nonscientific approaches to medical practice 4 , it quickly evolved into an organization led by academics who championed rational treatment rooted in proven pathophysiological concepts of endocrinology.

Which brings us back to today. The leadership of the Endocrine Society recently announced plans to make the problem of obesity a strategic priority for the years ahead. What form will this commitment take? Is there a role that the Endocrine Society is uniquely suited to play in confronting the obesity problem?

In doing so, the Society will join perhaps a dozen other professional medical organizations with a similar mission of solving the obesity problem. While advocacy, public policy, and public health, along with the development of diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines, are all common themes, few of these organizations are specifically dedicated to the study of the biological mechanisms necessary for the development of more rational and efficacious therapies.

Propelled by recent technological advances, the goal of identifying neurocircuits that control feeding and energy balance is now being realized 10 , — Such discoveries have the potential to inform our understanding not only of how pathological weight gain occurs but also how the biologically defended level of body fat stores becomes elevated in obese individuals Until these and other fundamental questions are answered, the pothole-ridden landscape of diets, supplements, and other ineffective therapies that passes for today's obesity treatment—not so different from the practice of organotherapy a century ago—will continue.

If the history of the Endocrine Society tells us anything, it is that rational disease treatment must be based on a sound understanding of the underlying pathophysiological processes. Solving complex medical problems through unfaltering and rigorous application of the scientific method has served us well since Cushing's historic Presidential Address.

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The Society would do well to uphold this tradition as it turns its attention to the obesity problem. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski made the observation in that removing the pancreas surgically led to an increase in blood sugar , followed by a coma and eventual death—symptoms of diabetes mellitus. In , Banting and Best realized that homogenizing the pancreas and injecting the derived extract reversed this condition.

Neurohormones were first identified by Otto Loewi in The solution was then used to bathe a non-innervated second heart. If the vagus nerve on the first heart was stimulated, negative inotropic beat amplitude and chronotropic beat rate activity were seen in both hearts. This did not occur in either heart if the vagus nerve was not stimulated. The vagus nerve was adding something to the saline solution.

The effect could be blocked using atropine , a known inhibitor to heart vagal nerve stimulation. Clearly, something was being secreted by the vagus nerve and affecting the heart. The "vagusstuff" as Loewi called it causing the myotropic muscle enhancing effects was later identified to be acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Loewi won the Nobel Prize for his discovery.

References

Recent work in endocrinology focuses on the molecular mechanisms responsible for triggering the effects of hormones. The first example of such work being done was in by Earl Sutherland. Sutherland investigated whether hormones enter cells to evoke action, or stayed outside of cells. He studied norepinephrine , which acts on the liver to convert glycogen into glucose via the activation of the phosphorylase enzyme. He homogenized the liver into a membrane fraction and soluble fraction phosphorylase is soluble , added norepinephrine to the membrane fraction, extracted its soluble products, and added them to the first soluble fraction.

Phosphorylase activated, indicating that norepinephrine's target receptor was on the cell membrane, not located intracellularly. He later identified the compound as cyclic AMP cAMP and with his discovery created the concept of second-messenger-mediated pathways.

He, like Loewi, won the Nobel Prize for his groundbreaking work in endocrinology. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the academic journal, see Endocrinology journal.

Illustration depicting the primary endocrine organs of a female. Examples of amine hormones. Examples of steroid hormones. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.

Textbook of endocrine physiology 4th ed. The genius of China: Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem.

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Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. The mechanism of pancreatic secretion. Macleod and the discovery of insulin". Q J Exp Physiol. Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal—fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology. Radiology Interventional radiology Nuclear medicine Pathology Anatomical pathology Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Clinical immunology Cytopathology Medical microbiology Transfusion medicine. Anatomy of the endocrine system. Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell.

Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies. Follicular cell Parafollicular cell. Chief cell Oxyphil cell. Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis. Enteroendocrine cell Paraganglia Organ of Zuckerkandl Placenta Development List of human endocrine organs and actions. Physiology of the endocrine system. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations.

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