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Pluto (mythology) - Wikipedia
Orpheus was regarded as a founder and prophet of the mysteries called " Orphic ," " Dionysiac ," or " Bacchic. Orpheus's voice and lyre-playing represented a medium of revelation or higher knowledge for the mystery cults. In his central myth, Orpheus visits the underworld in the hope of retrieving his bride, Eurydice , relying on the power of his music to charm the king and queen of Hades. Greek narratives of Orpheus's descent and performance typically name the ruler of the underworld as Plouton , as for instance in the Bibliotheca.
Orpheus performing before Pluto and Persephone was a common subject of ancient and later Western literature and art, and one of the most significant mythological themes of the classical tradition. The demonstration of Orpheus's power depends on the normal obduracy of Pluto; the Augustan poet Horace describes him as incapable of tears. The Greek writer Lucian ca. Pluto assures him that death will reunite them someday, but Protesilaus argues that Pluto himself should understand love and its impatience, and reminds the king of his grant to Orpheus and to Alcestis , who took her husband's place in death and then was permitted at the insistence of Heracles to return to him.
When Persephone intercedes for the dead warrior, Pluto grants the request at once, though allowing only one day for the reunion. As Pluto gained importance as an embodiment of agricultural wealth within the Eleusinian Mysteries, from the 5th century BC onward the name Hades was increasingly reserved for the underworld as a place. In the ritual texts of the mystery religions preserved by the so-called Orphic or Bacchic gold tablets , from the late 5th century BC onward [62] the name Hades appears more frequently than Plouton , but in reference to the underground place: I know that even below the earth, if there is indeed a reward for the worthy ones, the first and foremost honors, nurse, [68] shall be yours, next to Persephone and Pluto.
Hesychius identifies Pluto with Eubouleus , [70] but other ancient sources distinguish between these two underworld deities. In the Mysteries Eubouleus plays the role of a torchbearer, possibly a guide for the initiate's return. The Orphic Hymn to Pluto addresses the god as "strong-spirited" and the "All-Receiver" who commands death and is the master of mortals.
The route from Persephone's meadow to Hades crosses the sea. You alone were born to judge deeds obscure and conspicuous. Holiest and illustrious ruler of all, frenzied god, You delight in the worshiper's respect and reverence. Come with favor and joy to the initiates. The hymn is one of several examples of Greco-Roman prayer that express a desire for the presence of a deity, and has been compared to a similar epiclesis in the Acts of Thomas. The names of both Hades and Pluto appear also in the Greek Magical Papyri and curse tablets , with Hades typically referring to the underworld as a place, and Pluto regularly invoked as the partner of Persephone.
The pig was a characteristic animal sacrifice to chthonic deities, whose victims were almost always black or dark in color. A set of curse tablets written in Doric Greek and found in a tomb addresses a Pasianax, "Lord to All," [78] sometimes taken as a title of Pluto, [79] but more recently thought to be a magical name for the corpse. A sanctuary dedicated to Pluto was called a ploutonion Latin plutonium. The complex at Eleusis for the mysteries had a ploutonion regarded as the birthplace of the divine child Ploutos, in another instance of conflation or close association of the two gods.
Visitors sought healing and dream oracles. It too was a dream oracle. Kevin Clinton attempted to distinguish the iconography of Hades, Plouton, Ploutos, and the Eleusinian Theos in 5th-century vase painting that depicts scenes from or relating to the mysteries. In Clinton's schema, Plouton is a mature man, sometimes even white-haired; Hades is also usually bearded and mature, but his darkness is emphasized in literary descriptions, represented in art by dark hair.
Plouton's most common attribute is a sceptre , but he also often holds a full or overflowing cornucopia; Hades sometimes holds a horn, but it is depicted with no contents and should be understood as a drinking horn. Unlike Plouton, Hades never holds agrarian attributes such as stalks of grain. His chest is usually bare or only partly covered, whereas Plouton is fully robed exceptions, however, are admitted by the author.
Plouton stands, often in the company of both Demeter and Kore, or sometimes one of the goddesses, but Hades almost always sits or reclines, usually with Persephone facing him. Attributes of Pluto mentioned in the Orphic Hymn to Pluto are his scepter , keys, throne, and horses. In the hymn, the keys are connected to his capacity for giving wealth to humanity, specifically the agricultural wealth of "the year's fruits.
Pausanias explains the significance of Pluto's key in describing a wondrously carved cedar chest at the Temple of Hera in Elis. Numerous deities are depicted, with one panel grouping Dionysus, Persephone, the nymphs and Pluto. Pluto holds a key because "they say that what is called Hades has been locked up by Pluto, and that nobody will return back again therefrom. According to the Stoic philosopher Cornutus 1st century AD , Pluto wore a wreath of phasganion , more often called xiphion , [97] traditionally identified as a type of gladiolus.
For extracting stings and thorns , xiphion was mixed with wine and frankincense to make a cataplasm. The plant was also used as an aphrodisiac [99] and contraceptive. In an obscure passage, Cornutus seems to connect Pluto's wearing of phasganion to an etymology for Avernus , which he derives from the word for "air," perhaps through some association with the color glaukos , "bluish grey," "greenish" or "sea-colored," which might describe the plant's leaves. Because the color could describe the sky, Cornutus regularly gives it divine connotations.
Ambiguity of color is characteristic of Pluto.
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Although both he and his realm are regularly described as dark, black, or gloomy, the god himself is sometimes seen as pale or having a pallor. Martianus Capella 5th century describes him as both "growing pale in shadow, a fugitive from light" and actively "shedding darkness in the gloom of Tartarean night," crowned with a wreath made of ebony as suitable for the kingdom he governs. The Renaissance mythographer Natale Conti says wreaths of narcissus , maidenhair fern adianthus , and cypress were given to Pluto.
Conti's inclusion of adianthus Adiantum in modern nomenclature is less straightforward. The name, meaning "unmoistened" Greek adianton , was taken in antiquity to refer to the fern's ability to repel water. The plant, which grew in wet places, was also called capillus veneris , "hair of Venus," divinely dry when she emerged from the sea.
Riddle has suggested that the adianthus was one of the ferns Dioscorides called asplenon and prescribed as a contraceptive atokios. The cypress Greek cyparissus , Latin cupressus has traditional associations with mourning. In Orphic funeral rites, it was forbidden to make coffins of cypress. The tradition of the mystery religions favors Pluto as a loving and faithful partner to Persephone, in contrast to the violence of Hades in early myths, but one ancient myth that preserves a lover for him parallels the abduction and also has a vegetative aspect. After the long span of her life came to its end, he memorialized their love by creating a white tree in the Elysian Fields.
The Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus uses the name Plouton instead of Hades in relating the tripartite division of sovereignty, the abduction of Persephone, and the visit of Orpheus to the underworld. This version of the theogony for the most part follows Hesiod see above , but adds that the three brothers were each given a gift by the Cyclopes to use in their battle against the Titans: Later authors such as Rabelais 16th century do attribute the helmet to Pluto. Francis Bacon notes the proverbial usage: No ancient image of the ruler of the underworld can be said with certainty to show him with a bident , [] though the ornamented tip of his scepter may have been misunderstood at times as a bident.
It may also represent one of the three types of lightning wielded by Jupiter , the Roman counterpart of Zeus, and the Etruscan Tinia. The later notion that the ruler of the underworld wielded a trident or bident can perhaps be traced to a line in Seneca 's Hercules Furens "Hercules Enraged" , in which Father Dis, the Roman counterpart of Pluto, uses a three-pronged spear to drive off Hercules as he attempts to invade the underworld. Seneca calls Dis the "Infernal Jove" [] or the "dire Jove" [] the Jove who gives dire or ill omens, dirae , just as in the Greek tradition, Plouton is sometimes identified as a "chthonic Zeus.
In the Middle Ages, classical underworld figures began to be depicted with a pitchfork. In an influential ceiling mural depicting the wedding of Cupid and Psyche , painted by Raphael 's workshop for the Villa Farnesina in , Pluto is shown holding the bident, with Cerberus at his side, while Neptune holds the trident. The name Plouton is first used in Greek literature by Athenian playwrights. The play depicts a mock descent to the underworld by the god Dionysus to bring back one of the dead tragic playwrights in the hope of restoring Athenian theater to its former glory. Pluto is a silent presence onstage for about lines presiding over a contest among the tragedians, then announces that the winner has the privilege of returning to the upper world.
And where do you think Pluto gets his name [i. How much better are things below than what Zeus possesses! He is the perfect and accomplished Sophist , and the great benefactor of the inhabitants of the other world; and even to us who are upon earth he sends from below exceeding blessings. For he has much more than he wants down there; wherefore he is called Pluto or the rich. Note also, that he will have nothing to do with men while they are in the body, but only when the soul is liberated from the desires and evils of the body.
Now there is a great deal of philosophy and reflection in that; for in their liberated state he can bind them with the desire of virtue, but while they are flustered and maddened by the body, not even father Cronos himself would suffice to keep them with him in his own far-famed chains. Since "the union of body and soul is not better than the loosing," [] death is not an evil. Walter Burkert thus sees Pluto as a "god of dissolution. In ordering his ideal city, Plato proposed a calendar in which Pluto was honored as a benefactor in the twelfth month, implicitly ranking him as one of the twelve principal deities.
In the theogony of Euhemerus 4th century BC , the gods were treated as mortal rulers whose deeds were immortalized by tradition. Ennius translated Euhemerus into Latin about a hundred years later, and a passage from his version was in turn preserved by the early Christian writer Lactantius. Then Saturn took Ops to wife. Titan , the elder brother, demanded the kingship for himself. Vesta their mother, with their sisters Ceres [Demeter] and Ops , persuaded Saturn not to give way to his brother in the matter.
Titan was less good-looking than Saturn; for that reason, and also because he could see his mother and sisters working to have it so, he conceded the kingship to Saturn, and came to terms with him: This was done to secure reversion of the kingship to Titan's children. They then killed the first son that was born to Saturn. Next came twin children, Jupiter and Juno. Juno was given to Saturn to see while Jupiter was secretly removed and given to Vesta to be brought up without Saturn's knowledge. In the same way without Saturn knowing, Ops bore Neptune and hid him away. In her third labor Ops bore another set of twins, Pluto and Glauce.
Pluto in Latin is Diespiter; [] some call him Orcus. Saturn was shown his daughter Glauce but his son Pluto was hidden and removed. Glauce then died young.
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That is the pedigree, as written, of Jupiter and his brothers; that is how it has been passed down to us in holy scripture. In this theogony, which Ennius introduced into Latin literature, Saturn, "Titan," [] Vesta, Ceres, and Ops are siblings; Glauca is the twin of Pluto and dies mysteriously young. There are several mythological figures named Glauca; the sister of Pluto may be the Glauca who in Cicero's account of the three aspects of Diana conceived the third with the equally mysterious Upis.
In Book 3 of the Sibylline Oracles , dating mostly to the 2nd century AD, Rhea gives birth to Pluto as she passes by Dodona , "where the watery paths of the River Europus flowed, and the water ran into the sea, merged with the Peneius. This is also called the Stygian river. The Orphic theogonies are notoriously varied, [] and Orphic cosmology influenced the varying Gnostic theogonies of late antiquity.
When the primordial elements came together by orderly cyclonic force, they produced a generative sphere, the "egg" from which the primeval Orphic entity Phanes is born and the world is formed. The release of Phanes and his ascent to the heavenly top of the world-egg causes the matter left in the sphere to settle in relation to weight, creating the tripartite world of the traditional theogonies: After the separation of this heavy element in the middle part of the egg the waters flow together, which they call Poseidon.
It flies right up into the air, and draws up the spirit, now called Metis , that was left in the underlying moisture. And by this artistic intelligence the etherial artificer creates the whole world. This world is surrounded by the air, which extends from Zeus, the very hot ether, to the earth; this air is called Hera. This cosmogony interprets Hesiod allegorically, and so the heaviest element is identified not as the Earth, but as the netherworld of Pluto. In the Stoic system , Pluto represented the lower region of the air , where according to Seneca 1st century AD the soul underwent a kind of purgatory before ascending to the ether.
The Stoics believed that the form of a word contained the original truth of its meaning, which over time could become corrupted or obscured. Within the Pythagorean and Neoplatonic traditions, Pluto was allegorized as the region where souls are purified, located between the moon as represented by Persephone and the sun. Authors tell the fable that Ceres was Proserpina's mother, and that Proserpina while playing one day was raped by Pluto. Her mother searched for her with lighted torches; and it was decreed by Jupiter that the mother should have her daughter for fifteen days in the month, but Pluto for the rest, the other fifteen.
This is nothing but that the name Ceres is used to mean the earth, called Ceres on analogy with crees 'you may create' , for all things are created from her. By Proserpina is meant the moon, and her name is on analogy with prope serpens 'creeping near' , for she is moved nearer to the earth than the other planets. She is called earth's daughter, because her substance has more of earth in it than of the other elements.
By Pluto is meant the shadow that sometimes obstructs the moon.
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A dedicatory inscription from Smyrna describes a 1st—2nd century sanctuary to "God Himself" as the most exalted of a group of six deities, including clothed statues of Plouton Helios and Koure Selene , "Pluto the Sun" and "Kore the Moon. Plouton Helios is mentioned in other literary sources in connection with Koure Selene and Helios Apollon ; the sun on its nighttime course was sometimes envisioned as traveling through the underworld on its return to the east. Apuleius describes a rite in which the sun appears at midnight to the initiate at the gates of Proserpina; it has been suggested that this midnight sun could be Plouton Helios.
The Smyrna inscription also records the presence of Helios Apollon at the sanctuary. As two forms of Helios, Apollo and Pluto pose a dichotomy:. It has been argued that the sanctuary was in the keeping of a Pythagorean sodality or "brotherhood". The relation of Orphic beliefs to the mystic strand of Pythagoreanism, or of these to Platonism and Neoplatonism , is complex and much debated. In the Hellenistic era , the title or epithet Plutonius is sometimes affixed to the names of other deities. In the Hermetic Corpus , [] Jupiter Plutonius "rules over earth and sea, and it is he who nourishes mortal things that have soul and bear fruit.
The Neoplatonist Proclus 5th century AD considered Pluto the third demiurge , a sublunar demiurge who was also identified variously with Poseidon or Hephaestus. This idea is present in Renaissance Neoplatonism , as for instance in the cosmology of Marsilio Ficino —99 , [] who translated Orphic texts into Latin for his own use.
Christian writers of late antiquity sought to discredit the competing gods of Roman and Hellenistic religions, often adopting the euhemerizing approach in regarding them not as divinities, but as people glorified through stories and cultic practices and thus not true deities worthy of worship. The infernal gods, however, retained their potency, becoming identified with the Devil and treated as demonic forces by Christian apologists. One source of Christian revulsion toward the chthonic gods was the arena.
Attendants in divine costume, among them a "Pluto" who escorted corpses out, were part of the ceremonies of the gladiatorial games. Medieval mythographies, written in Latin, continue the conflation of Greek and Roman deities begun by the ancient Roman themselves. Perhaps because the name Pluto was used in both traditions, it appears widely in these Latin sources for the classical ruler of the underworld, who is also seen as the double, ally, or adjunct to the figure in Christian mythology known variously as the Devil , Satan , or Lucifer.
The classical underworld deities became casually interchangeable with Satan as an embodiment of Hell. Under his feet three-headed Cerberus held a position, and beside him he had three Harpies. From his golden throne of sulphur flowed four rivers, which were called, as is known, Lethe , Cocytus , Phlegethon and Acheron , tributaries of the Stygian swamp. This work derives from that of the Third Vatican Mythographer , possibly one Albricus or Alberic, who presents often extensive allegories and devotes his longest chapter, including an excursus on the nature of the soul, to Pluto.
In Dante 's Divine Comedy written — , Pluto presides over the fourth circle of Hell , to which the greedy are condemned. Much of this Canto is devoted to the power of Fortuna to give and take away. Entrance into the fourth circle has marked a downward turn in the poet's journey, and the next landmark after he and his guide cross from the circle is the Stygian swamp, through which they pass on their way to the city of Dis Italian Dite. Dante's clear distinction between Pluto and Dis suggests that he had Plutus in mind in naming the former.
The city of Dis is the "citadel of Lower Hell" where the walls are garrisoned by fallen angels and Furies. Like earlier medieval writers, Chaucer identifies Pluto's realm with Hell as a place of condemnation and torment, [] and describes it as "derk and lowe" "dark and low". The name Pluto for the classical ruler of the underworld was further established in English literature by Arthur Golding , whose translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses was of great influence on William Shakespeare , [] Christopher Marlowe , [] and Edmund Spenser.
Pluto's court as a literary setting could bring together a motley assortment of characters. Throughout the Renaissance , images and ideas from classical antiquity entered popular culture through the new medium of print and through pageants and other public performances at festivals. The tragic descent of the hero-musician Orpheus to the underworld to retrieve his bride, and his performance at the court of Pluto and Proserpina, offered compelling material for librettists and composers of opera see List of Orphean operas and ballet.
Pluto also appears in works based on other classical myths of the underworld. As a singing role, Pluto is almost always written for a bass voice , with the low vocal range representing the depths and weight of the underworld, as in Monteverdi and Rinuccini 's L'Orfeo and Il ballo delle ingrate In their ballo , a form of ballet with vocal numbers, Cupid invokes Pluto from the underworld to lay claim to "ungrateful" women who were immune to love. Pluto has also been featured as a role in ballet. The abduction of Proserpina by Pluto was the scene from the myth most often depicted by artists , who usually follow Ovid's version.
The influential emblem book Iconologia of Cesare Ripa , second edition presents the allegorical figure of Rape with a shield on which the abduction is painted. The treatment of the scene by Rubens is similar. Rembrandt incorporates Claudian's more passionate characterizations. After the Renaissance, literary interest in the abduction myth waned until the revival of classical myth among the Romantics. The work of mythographers such as J. Frazer and Jane Ellen Harrison helped inspire the recasting of myths in modern terms by Victorian and Modernist writers.
Lawrence , where the character Ciccio [] acts as Pluto to Alvina's Persephone, "the deathly-lost bride She is one of seven characters with a parent from classical mythology. One edge of the knife can divide even subatomic particles and form subtle divisions in space, creating portals between worlds; the other edge easily cuts through any form of matter. After meeting with witches from Lyra's world, they journey on.
Scoresby dies defending Grumman from the forces of the Church. Grumman turns out to be Will's long-lost father and he succeeds in reuniting with his son before he is murdered by a witch who loved him but was turned down. After his father's death, Will discovers that Lyra has been kidnapped and he is approached by two angels requesting his aid.
The Amber Spyglass tells of Lyra's kidnapping by her mother, Mrs. Coulter , an agent of the Magisterium who has learned of the prophecy identifying Lyra as the next Eve. Will ignores the angels; with the help of a local girl named Ama, the Bear King Iorek Byrnison , and Lord Asriel 's Gallivespian spies, the Chevalier Tialys and the Lady Salmakia , he rescues Lyra from the cave where her mother has hidden her from the Magisterium, which has become determined to kill her before she yields to temptation and sin like the original Eve.
Mary Malone , a scientist from Will's world interested in "shadows" or Dust in Lyra's world , travels to a land populated by strange sentient creatures called Mulefa. There she comes to understand the true nature of Dust, which is both created by and nourishes life which has become self-aware. Lord Asriel and the reformed Mrs. Coulter work to destroy the Authority's Regent Metatron. They succeed, but themselves suffer annihilation in the process by pulling Metatron into the abyss.
The Authority himself dies of his own frailty when Will and Lyra free him from the crystal prison wherein Metatron had trapped him, able to do so because an attack by cliff-ghasts kills or drives away the prison's protectors. The book ends with Will and Lyra falling in love but realising they cannot live together in the same world, because all windows — except one from the underworld to the world of the Mulefa — must be closed to prevent the loss of Dust, because with every window opening, a Spectre would be created and that meant Will must never use the knife again.
Also because each of them can only live full lives in their native worlds. This is the temptation that Mary was meant to give them; to help them fall in love and then choose whether they should stay together or not. Lyra loses her ability to intuitively read the alethiometer and determines to learn how to use her conscious mind to achieve the same effect. It is the physical manifestation of a person's 'inner being', soul or spirit.
It takes the form of a creature moth, bird, dog, monkey, snake, etc. An armoured bear's armour is his soul. Pullman has identified three major literary influences on His Dark Materials: Critics have compared the trilogy with The Chronicles of Narnia , by C. Pullman however has characterised the Narnia series as "blatantly racist", "monumentally disparaging of women", "immoral", and "evil". This is the first time that such an award has been bestowed on a book from their "children's literature" category. In June it was voted, in an online poll, as the best Carnegie Medal winner in the seventy-year history of the award, the Carnegie of Carnegies.
The Observer cites Northern Lights as one of the best novels. On 19 May , Pullman attended the British Library in London to receive formal congratulations for his work from culture secretary Tessa Jowell "on behalf of the government". At the time, only His Dark Materials and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire amongst the top five works lacked a screen-adaptation the film version of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , which came fifth, was released in His Dark Materials has occasioned controversy, primarily amongst some Christian groups.
Cynthia Grenier, in the Catholic Culture , said: His Church is an instrument of oppression, and true heroism consists of overthrowing both". Donohue of the Catholic League has described Pullman's trilogy as "atheism for kids". In a November interview Pullman was asked to respond to the Catholic Herald calling his books "the stuff of nightmares" and "worthy of the bonfire".
I think it's comical, it's just laughable". Pullman expressed surprise over what he think is a relatively low level of criticism for His Dark Materials on religious grounds, saying "I've been surprised by how little criticism I've got. Harry Potter's been taking all the flak Meanwhile, I've been flying under the radar, saying things that are far more subversive than anything poor old Harry has said. My books are about killing God". Pullman found support from some other Christians, most notably from Rowan Williams , the former Archbishop of Canterbury spiritual head of the Anglican Communion , who argued that Pullman's attacks focus on the constraints and dangers of dogmatism and the use of religion to oppress , not on Christianity itself.
Pullman renames various common objects or ideas of our world with archaic terms or new words of his own. Below are some of these renamings and new words. The first of two short books, Lyra's Oxford takes place two years after the timeline of The Amber Spyglass. A witch who seeks revenge for her son's death in the war against the Authority draws Lyra, now 15, into a trap.
Birds mysteriously rescue her and Pan, and she makes the acquaintance of an alchemist, formerly the witch's lover. After winning his hot-air balloon, Scoresby heads to the North, landing on the Arctic island Novy Odense, where he is pulled into a conflict between the oil tycoon Larsen Manganese, the corrupt mayoral candidate Ivan Poliakov, and his longtime enemy from the Dakota Country, Pierre McConville. The story tells of Lee and Iorek's first meeting and of how they overcame these enemies. A short story originally released exclusively as an audiobook by Audible in December , narrated by actor Bill Nighy.
The story alludes to the early life of Mrs Coulter and is set in the senior common room of an Oxford college. The first book, La Belle Sauvage , was published on 19 October In August , Pullman said: Once Upon a Time in the North will be a dark blue book. There still remains a green book. And that will be Will's book. It was first broadcast in , and re-broadcast in both and in , and was and released by the BBC on CD and cassette.
Nicholas Hytner directed a theatrical version of the books as a two-part, six-hour performance for London's Royal National Theatre in December , running until March The play was enormously successful and was revived with a different cast and a revised script for a second run between November and April It has since been staged by several other theatres in the UK and elsewhere. This version toured the UK and included a performance in Pullman's hometown of Oxford.
Pullman made a cameo appearance much to the delight of the audience and Oxford media. The production finished up at West Yorkshire Playhouse in June Directed by Chris Weitz , the production had a mixed reception, and though worldwide sales were strong, its U. The filmmakers obscured the explicitly Biblical character of the Authority to avoid offending viewers. Weitz declared that he would not do the same for the planned sequels.
I will not be involved with any 'watering down' of books two and three, since what I have been working towards the whole time in the first film is to be able to deliver on the second and third". Nothing can bring out all that's in the book. There are always compromises". Coulter, and Daniel Craig as Lord Asriel.
No sequels are planned. Compass actor Sam Elliott blamed the Catholic Church's opposition for forcing their cancellation, but UK Guardian film critic Stuart Heritage thought that critical "disappointment" with the first film may have been the real reason. He said, "It's at an exciting point where we're just … trying to work out what works," and that he wanted to ensure that they were being loyal to the books.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see His Dark Materials disambiguation. Cover of Scholastic collected edition, Locations in His Dark Materials. Characters of His Dark Materials. Airships are the dominant form of air travel in Lyra's world, which need to dock at a tower rather than on the land. A "truth teller", a rare device in Lyra's world which resembles a four-handed pocket watch, it can truthfully answer any possible question asked by a skilled user. From aletheia Ancient Greek: Anbaric , and the prefix anbaro-: Both words derive from the electrostatic properties of amber.
Research into particle physics. Rubber and possibly also plastic, from the Quechuan word cauchuc or caoutchouc , meaning the sap of the rubber tree. All scientific enquiry derives from the church and so the language that describes it has religious overtones a chapel is ordinarily a place of religious worship. The head of a scientific laboratory. Sometimes hot chocolate ; other times "a bar of chocolatl" a chocolate bar. From chocolatl , the Nahuatl word for chocolate.
An underground railway station. A type of wood used by witches for flying akin to broomsticks in other literature. A synthetic fibre made from coal, was invented as a substitute for natural silk, akin to Nylon. Petroleum or other hydrocarbon fuels derived from it. The animal embodiment of a human's inner-life. It is pronounced 'demon'. Mysterious cosmic particles that are integral to the plot. Dust is invisible to the human eye, and, unlike ordinary particles, Dust is conscious. An occasionally used Latin word for amber ; see "anbaric" above.
A geothermal vent in which the panserbjorne work in metallurgy ; supposedly impenetrable to humans and witches. Marzipan , "marchpane" is an archaic word for "marzipan". Oil or petroleum as in oil-lamp, rather than naphtha-lamp. A petrochemical like kerosene. A computer from the same root as ordinateur French and ordenador Spanish. Having to do with the study of the physical laws of the universe i. In our own world, science and physics grew out of - and were, until the 19th century usually referred to as - natural philosophy.
A photograph ; more primitive than those in our own world but able to be developed in multiple ways. A magic lantern used for photograms. Pullman noted in Northern Lights ' s Lantern Slides addendum that he based the projector in the book on one his grandfather owned. The name, in our universe, of Dust. From "Natural Theology" meaning "science".
A highly prized wine in Lyra's world, the name may be an archaic, Anglicised form of tokaji a wine of the Tokaj-Hegyalja region in Hungary [35]. List of renamings of peoples and places. Unless stated otherwise, these words are all capitalised. Named after the explorer who first set out in the region, Vitus Bering.
A phonetically identical re-spelling of Britain. It has echoes of " Brython ", a word for ancient British people and the lands they inhabited. China, taken from the medieval European name for China. This is an old spelling, used prior to the current one, with a "K". East Anglia , the region where John Faa 's gyptians live; in Lyra's Brytain it has remained fenland with the Dutch influence remaining strong. This name refers to Iceland's volcanoes rather than to its glaciers.
The North Sea Groenland: A boat-dwelling, transient social group in Lyra's world.
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