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- Risk indicators of suicide ideation among on-reserve First Nations youth
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After estimating prevalence, cross tabulations were computed between suicide ideation and demographics, socioeconomic status, relationship with parents, reasons for depression, self-esteem, depressed mood, social support, bullying, risk behaviours and cultural preferences. After these initial cross tabulations, binary logistic regression was used to determine the independent association between the outcome variable of having suicide ideation in the past 12 months in comparison with not and the potential explanatory variables. Upon completion of the study, 11 knowledge transfer sessions were conducted.
Future knowledge translation will be conducted at the discretion of the Tribal Chief. The Tribal Chief was given a full copy of the de-identified data set.
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The eight-stage consent protocol was completed by students Based on the census, there were STC youth 10 to 17 years of age living on reserve. Because the present sample youth, 10 to 16 years of age is in accord with that reported in the census, it is believed that it is representative of the communities. Cross tabulations of demographic and socioeconomic variables with suicide ideation in the past 12 months among Saskatoon Tribal Council on-reserve First Nations youth.
However, none of the students whose father worked in a professional occupation reported suicide ideation in comparison with That said, very few 3. Girls had a higher prevalence of suicide ideation than boys Initially, seven of eight parental relationship variables were significantly associated with suicide ideation. None of the five cultural variables were significantly associated with suicide ideation among STC on-reserve youth Table 2. That said, children with no one to help them understand their culture were more likely to have suicide ideation, although the result was not statistically significant.
Students who experienced depressed mood had three times the prevalence rate of suicide ideation compared with nondepressed students Low self-esteem was also significantly associated with suicide ideation Table 3. Cross tabulations of mental health, social support and risk behaviour variables with suicide ideation in the past 12 months among Saskatoon Tribal Council on-reserve First Nations youth. Risk behaviours cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse and marijuana use were also significantly associated with suicide ideation.
Suicide ideation was significantly associated with six of the 11 reasons for depression variables, including having a difficult childhood, not working through things that happened during childhood, other certain things that happened as a child, not feeling loved, feeling isolated by other people and feeling criticized by other people. Cross tabulations of reasons for depression with suicide ideation in the past 12 months among Saskatoon Tribal Council on-reserve First Nations youth. Being physically, mentally, socially or electronically bullied was not associated with suicide ideation among STC on-reserve First Nations youth Table 4.
After statistical adjustment, there were only three independent risk indicators associated with suicide ideation among First Nations on-reserve youth: Independent risk indicators of suicide ideation among Saskatoon Tribal Council on-reserve First Nations youth. Suicide phenomena among Aboriginal youth are a concern in Canada.
Although there are a large number of factors that have been associated with adolescent suicide ideation, attempts and completions, it is important to narrow these variables down to a limited number of specific risk indicators to better understand and prevent suicide phenomena among Aboriginal youth. In the present study, we focused on suicide ideation because it is an important precursor to suicide attempts and completions 5.
This prevalence is almost three times higher, according to the same survey, than youth living in Saskatoon within the same grades. However, high suicide ideation cannot be an effect of cultural status. It is far more likely that social and environmental factors have a significant impact on suicide ideation. In our study, no child who had a father in a professional occupation experienced suicide ideation in comparison with Oddly, there have been few studies that have examined the relationship between socioeconomic status and youth suicide phenomena, including suicide ideation 7.
One study found that youth from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were more likely to attempt suicide than youth from higher socioeconomic backgrounds Another study of youth suicide attempts in individuals 13 to 24 years of age found that low income youth were four times more likely to attempt suicide than those with higher incomes Neither of these studies included Aboriginal youth, let alone First Nations youth living on reserve.
Unexpectedly, being bullied was not significantly associated with suicide ideation, which is inconsistent with the literature 32 , However, a previous publication on this population found that youth who were bullied were at least twice as likely to suffer from depressed mood It is likely that depression serves as the intermediary toward suicide ideation. Smoking, alcohol abuse and marijuana use were all initially associated with suicide ideation among First Nations on-reserve youth. These results are consistent with Aboriginal youth and non-Aboriginal youth suicide ideation literature 35 — These risk behaviours commonly coexist with suicide ideation because they are likely a method of coping with emotional and environmental stress After statistically controlling for other factors, we found that youth who do not feel loved and wanting to leave home significantly and independently increased the odds of suicide ideation.
Parent-child relationships have been found to be very important in previous literature on youth suicide A systematic review of factors associated with suicidal phenomena in adolescents found that there is a direct relationship between family discord and suicidal thoughts and behaviours 7. Previous literature has suggested that it is not the structure of the family that leads to suicide risk ie, single parents in comparison with two resident parents , but the quality of the relationship within the family that leads to increased suicide risk for youth.
Furthermore, a sense of parent and family connectedness has been found to be a protective factor 6. All of these findings are consistent with our results. After statistically controlling for other factors, our study found that having depressed mood increased the odds of suicide ideation threefold. According to a review of suicide risk factors for adolescents across North America, depression is the strongest risk factor for suicide There are some limitations to the present study.
First, the study was cross-sectional in nature and, therefore, cannot determine causation. Second, our sample had the potential to have a small selection bias according to sex. Third, although socioeconomic status is likely to be an important factor in suicide ideation, we were not able to perform regression analysis with this variable included because a covariate as nearly all youth were from low-income families.
Finally, our question to measure suicide ideation has not been specifically validated for First Nations youth. However, a review of the literature suggests no validated tool for First Nations youth exists. Knowing the prevalence and independent risk factors for suicide ideation among First Nations youth is an important step in designing interventions to prevent suicide.
Our research suggests that parent-child relationships a child wanting to leave home and not feeling loved and depression are the most important variables to begin with.
Risk indicators of suicide ideation among on-reserve First Nations youth
The research team acknowledge and thank the member First Nations of the Saskatoon Tribal Council, the Chiefs, Elders, Health Directors, Education Director, principals, teachers, parents and children involved in the project for their cooperation, participation and support. Funding for the present study was provided by a grant from the Public Health Agency of Canada grant National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
Journal List Paediatr Child Health v. Telephone , e-mail ac. Accepted Jun This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Minority groups, Risk factors, Suicide, Youth. Open in a separate window. TABLE 3 Cross tabulations of mental health, social support and risk behaviour variables with suicide ideation in the past 12 months among Saskatoon Tribal Council on-reserve First Nations youth.
Acknowledgments The research team acknowledge and thank the member First Nations of the Saskatoon Tribal Council, the Chiefs, Elders, Health Directors, Education Director, principals, teachers, parents and children involved in the project for their cooperation, participation and support.
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Chandler MJ, Lalonde C. Advisory Group on Suicide Prevention Acting on what we know: Preventing youth suicide in First Nations. Aboriginal suicidal behaviour research: From risk factors to culturally-sensitive interventions. Toward an understanding of suicide in First-Nation Canadians. Risk indicators for depressed mood in youth: Lack of association with Aboriginal cultural status. Aboriginal Population Profile Census.
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Young People in Canada: Their Health and Wellbeing. UK understanding for clinical and non-clinical populations. Fitzgerald JM, Richardson H. Use of the Reasons for Depression Questionnaire with adolescents. The construct validity of the self description questionnaire. Youth Smoking Survey — Module A. Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Leader , Culture , Creative , Create , Feel. Working Together , Together , You , Working.
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