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Click here Would you like to report this content as inappropriate? Click here Do you believe that this item violates a copyright? There's a problem loading this menu right now. Get fast, free shipping with Amazon Prime. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. View or edit your browsing history. Get to Know Us. Patients can freely choose their doctor, and they have a co-payment for visits and hospital care settings. Two years training is required to become a general practitioner. After that, continuing medical education is compulsory, but it is not regulated.
Although the French medical Health System was named by the WHO in as the best health care system in the world, is it not that good. While primary care in Spain has room for improvement, there is a long way for France to be like Spain. New Terrorism In France. While France experienced social rioting in the summer of , it still remained free from I organized it all Le syndrome des enfants battus: La maltraitance physique des enfants ou le syndrome des enfants battus est responsable de plus de Fracture, maltraitance, enfant, neuro-radiologie PMID: Education et Formation des Adultes en France.
Adult Education in France. This report on a national seminar attended by over French adult educators from universities, industry, government agencies, and voluntary agencies is divided into three parts. Part I summarizes conclusions and recommendations made by nine commissions on conditions including needs and objectives, obstacles to continuing education, educational….
City of Paris, France. STS 12 - 20 Sept This mm Hasselblad color photo of Paris, France recorded during this mission, shows urban land uses in great detail. Several airports are clear, including the two major international airports of Orly and Le Bourget. Paris was founded in pre-Roman times on an island in the Seine River and continued as a Roman outpost. The easily defensible location was one of the keys to the growth of this island city. The city expanded from its island state to become a major urban center in Europe because of its location, its easy access by river traffic, and its productive hinterland.
The tool gives us an insight about the countries involved in the battle, their allies and their strategies. This tool was created to use it as a one stop source of information regarding all the important battles that took place, which lead to the fall of France. The tool brings together the maps of all the countries involved.
Integrated with each map is the data relevant to that map. The data for each country includes the place of attack, the strategies used during the attack, and the kind of warfare. The tool also makes use of HTML files to give all the information, along with the images from the time of the war and a footage which explains everything about the particular battle. It also makes highlighting important information easier making use of pop-up windows, charts and infographics. HTML files were designed making use of the open-source template developed by Bootstrap.
The tool is built in such a way that the interface is simple and easy for the user to use and understand. In May , three European Academies held a conference on the present and future of microbiology. Published by Elsevier SAS. Women in physics in France. We present six associations and entities working in France on issues of women in physics: France acts on electronic cigarettes. France is deciding how to regulate electronic cigarettes. I first consider the French approach and how it contrasts with other attempts at electronic cigarette regulation globally.
Next, I critique the individual elements of the French proposal. The overall approach taken by France is a positive development, but banning indoor use appears unnecessary and banning advertising may be counterproductive. Elles sont souvent graves dans leurs formes majeures, leur prise en charge est lourde avec un grand impact psycho-social sur les patients et leur famille.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement TAVR is standard therapy for patients with severe aortic stenosis who are at high surgical risk. The aim of this study was to assess nationwide performance trends and clinical outcomes of TAVR during a 6-year period. The median age of patients was Transesophageal echocardiography guidance decreased from Rates of Valve Academic Research Consortium-defined device success increased from Measles is one of the most contagious diseases implicated in an outbreak in Western Europe for a few years.
In France , the outbreak began in , especially in the southern regions. Most of the cases are mild but deleterious effects can occur in infants, during the pregnancy, or in immunosuppressive patients. Pneumonia and encephalitis are the major complications in these patients. Measles illness during pregnancy results in a higher risk of premature labor, spontaneous abortion, and low-birthweight infants.
Death from measles was reported in approximately 0. The National Reference Center for measles and paramyxoviridae is implicated in biological confirmation of cases and epidemiologic surveillance. The measles genotype is determined by sequencing a nucleotids fragment of the N gene, as the World Health Organization WHO recommendation.
This molecular analysis helps determine the geographic origin of the virus and the viral strains circulating in the country. In , specimens were received. The most important cause of measles resurgence is low vaccination coverage. A surgical sabbatical in France. During my stay in France I had the unique opportunity to meet surgical professors from all over the world and made many friends and contacts in the field of hepatobiliary surgery. Brittany is a beautiful province of France , having unique way of life and approach to social and societal problems.
The cultural enrichment that I received from my year there will last a lifetime, as well the many fond memories of the people, the culinary delights and the spectacular seashore. The objectives of the present study were: The 21st version of the LGM April was used.
Information on excipients in the LGM and the Vidal dictionary reference prescription book in France was compared. Information on excipients is often missing and sometimes erroneous. Although the LGM is regularly revised and thus the generic market in perpetual change, the cross description of this pharmaceutical market provides much informations and raises some concern. In France the desire to expand public health developed mainly because of the hygienist movement which prevailed in the 19th century.
In , rabies was responsible for more than 35, deaths worldwide. Three cases of human rabies that had been contracted abroad were diagnosed in France during the same year. Cases notified in followed exposure outside the country. Fox, bat, and dog rabies are reviewed on the basis of the latest epidemiological data obtained in France. Two cases of fox rabies diagnosed in occurred at the border between France and Germany, thus preventing five French departments bordering Germany from being officially declared rabies-free in The campaigns for oral immunization of foxes that are led since are responsible for the decrease in rabies incidence.
Though not well known, bat rabies is a reality in France , involving either European virus strains five cases all over the country or African virus strains that are carried along by imported tropical bats. Dogs rabies is also today an imported disease.
The decrease in risk for rabies has resulted from the conjunction of multiple efforts: Furthermore, recommendations for preventive pre-exposure immunization have recently been changed, leading to modifications of the French licensing form. Beginning of viniculture in France. Chemical analyses of ancient organic compounds absorbed into the pottery fabrics of imported Etruscan amphoras ca. The data support the hypothesis that export of wine by ship from Etruria in central Italy to southern Mediterranean France fueled an ever-growing market and interest in wine there, which, in turn, as evidenced by the winepress, led to transplantation of the Eurasian grapevine and the beginning of a Celtic industry in France.
Herbal and pine resin additives to the Etruscan wine point to the medicinal role of wine in antiquity, as well as a means of preserving it during marine transport. Beginning of Viniculture in France. Des ballons pour demain. Bordetella pertussis, Finland and France. We used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis and genotyping to compare clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis recovered since the early s in Finland and France , 2 countries with similar histories of long-term mass vaccination with whole-cell pertussis vaccines.
Isolates from both countries were similar genetically but varied temporally. Women and Divorce in France. Reviews the history and current status of women and divorce in France. Recent statistics are noted and changes in the status of women are outlined. Issues related to single women and working women are discussed. Other topics include women and the family, women and politics, divorce laws and ramifications. Focus is on the diethylstilbestrol DES litigation which has resulted from the discovery that this synthetic estrogen can cause cancer in the daughters of women who used the drug during pregnancy in an effort to prevent threatened abortion.
Possibly suits are pending at this time in which DES daughters claim injuries. In most of these vaginal or cervical cancer has appeared -- with or without a hysterectomy having been performed. Several women died from cancer. The fact that the use of DES occurred many years ago is the legal hurdle most troublesome to lawyers. The average women coming to a lawyer's office today has a mother who used some form of DES , perhaps in Few drugstores have records today of the prescriptions which they filled 20 years ago.
It has been estimated that over the period more than different companies manufactured or "tabletized" under their own name DES plus a variety of similar synthetic estrogens promoted for the prevention of threatened abortion. A further hurdle caused by the passage of time is that even the records of the physicians are frequently lost. A final problem created by the age of the cases is statute of limitations. If the actual manufacturer of the DES cannot be identified, this is generally the end of the lawyer's interest in the case. The chance of the plaintiff winning may be increased if the action against all the manufacturers is a class action.
Most of the pending DES suits are against the manufacturer and not against the doctor. Thus far no DES case has been tried to completion. Several have been settled by the manufacturers on the eve of the trial, generally for less than the full sum that a cancer victim would expect to receive.
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This article offers a contribution to the thesis that considers H. Ribot the theorists of the "pathological method" in psychology, and thus the forefathers of French experimental psychology. At the same time it points out that the idea of equivalence between observation of the pathological and experimentation could already be found in th psychological medicine of the s.
Moreau de Tours on hashish and mental alienation, with the intention of demonstrating that in the s French psychiatry was actively engaged in the debate on the Science des rapports du physique et du moral, and that consequently the organicistic paradigm, proclaimed in those years in Germany, had not yet spread to France. Two major changes in end-of-life management have occured in recent decades: Our fellow citizens are afraid of suffering and death. They wish for a peaceful death, as rapid as possible and, in recent surveys, say they favour euthanasia. Yet euthanasia is illegal in France and in most other Western countries with the exception of the Benelux nations.
Palliative care ensures dignity in death, without anxiety of suffering, and is expanding rapidly in France. It now needs to be applied in practice. As air quality has a direct impact on human health, its monitoring is imperative. In France , this task was entrusted by the government Air Law of to organisations with territorial responsibility: The type and level of pollution evolve: The tools, the skills and the roles of the different people involved in air quality control follow these sometimes rapid transitions in connection with an increasingly precise understanding of the relationship between health and the environment and of the considerable research on the subject.
This article describes the mechanisms of air quality monitoring in France. Science, Politics and France ". It outlines the initial - and not always positive - reception of Franklin's work on electricity by the community of French scientists in the s. It sketches Franklin's subsequent elevation into the pantheon of French Enlightenment heros, and it details his work as a "civic scientist" while American envoy to France in the s and s, notably his service on the government-sponsored commissions that repudiated the scientific and medical claims of Franz Anton Mesmer.
This presentation concludes by examining a few features of Franklin's career that are not completely congruent with our notion of what a "civic scientist" might be, a contrast that is intended to illuminate both Franklin and the concept of "civic scientist. Radioactive waste management in France and international cooperation. Long-term industrial management of radioactive waste in France is carried out by the Agence Nationale pour la gestion des Dechets Radioactifs.
ANDRA , which is a public body responsible mainly for siting, design, construction, and operation of the disposal facilities for every kind of radioactive waste produced in the country. Furthermore, ANDRA has to define and control the required quality of waste packages delivered for disposal. As far as disposal is concerned, it is customary in France to classify waste in two main categories. Value of a national administrative database to guide public decisions: These data, based on almost 66 million inhabitants in , have already been the subject of numerous international publications on various topics: SNIIRAM comprises individual information on the sociodemographic and medical characteristics of beneficiaries and all hospital care and office medicine reimbursements, coded according to various systems.
Access to data is controlled by permissions dependent on the type of data requested or used, their temporality and the researcher's status. In general, data can be analyzed by accredited agencies over a period covering the last three years plus the current year, and specific requests can be submitted to extract data over longer periods. The EGB is an open cohort, which includes new beneficiaries and newborn infants. In parallel, the modalities of data access and protection systems. Health is a dual notion.
It is individual, singular and intimate. It is also collective, statistical and political. The modern problematic of health relies upon a balance of complex relations between individual and collective acceptances of the notion. You can try to outline the evolutions and the main concepts through a quadruple approach: The relationships between health and politics in France are affected by the historical delay of France in public health, namely because of a structural weakness of the administrative organization of public health. Nevertheless France developed a dense and well organized care system and a universal social protection against the disease.
The creation of the health professions in France was marked by a historical opposition between the doctors and the state which led to a failure of hygienist medicine and a fundamental misunderstanding on health insurance. Medical domination led to the organization of a system based on professional dichotomy and the delegation of the regulation skills to the health care professionals. The role of health issues in the French society was deeply renewed by the development of the medical and epidemiological knowledge.
This resulted in a new political responsibility in the management of health risks but also in the confirmation of the patients' rights and the role of their associations in the health systems operations and the piloting of public policies. In this environment, the state has recently and progressively confirmed its dominating role in the health sector. A public hospital service was created In the 60's and 70's, then in the 80's there were recurrent interventions in order to control health spendings and eventually in the 90's health safety devices were set up.
More recently, a process of health policies institutionalization confirmed this evolution. In the future, health issues should. The violence against persons in France are various, from those inflicted by society against human groups or individuals, from those, almost unrecognizable, occurring inside the families.
It is an important public health problem and need population-based surveys to evaluate and to prevent it. The numerous publications about violence, and particularly about violence against women which have been recently published reflect the actual awareness. But they demonstrate also the diversity and the evolution of the policies which do not simplify the the ways to find solutions. Two techniques are frequently used to produce images of the accretion disc in an eclipsing binary: From the light curve, one can deduce the radial distribution of the effective temperature, assuming axial symmetry.
On the other hand, from the variation of the line profile one can reconstruct an image in the velocity space, which can be converted into a real image if one knows the kinematics of the system. Bioelectromagnetics Research in France --An Assessment. He was 5 years. The latter will help demon- replaced in normal rotation by a manager strate the breadth and scope Unless support is found Ondes Electromagnetiques et Biologie immediately in industry or in other Jouy en Josas, France , , countries, France Management of snakebites in France.
Although not a major health problem in Europe, snakebite in the old continent was the focus of recent studies to evaluate their overall incidence and define management techniques. The purpose of this three-part report is to present the experience of the Marseille Poison Centre with snakebite in France. The first section deals with viper envenomation that now benefits from a validated therapeutic protocol using of purified antivenom of proven efficacy and tolerance in patients showing grade 2 and 3 symptoms. The second section describes the highly variable snakebite situation in French overseas territories that include areas where local species require specialized management, e.
Martinique and French Guiana. The third section involves the emerging problems associated with the keeping of exotic snakes as pets with problems related to the use of antivenoms from foreign countries. The exotic-snake pets fashion was at the origin of the creation of a national antivenom bank by two French poison centers Angers and Marseille to ensure prompt delivery of antivenoms for exotic snake envenomation anywhere in mainland France.
Distribution of Leptospira serogroups in cattle herds and dogs in France.
A retrospective study was conducted to identify and describe the distribution pattern of Leptospira serogroups in domestic animals in France. The population consisted of cattle herds and dogs with clinically suspected leptospirosis that were tested at the "Laboratoire des Leptospires" between and The laboratory database was queried for records of cattle and dogs in which seroreactivity in Leptospira microagglutination tests was consistent with a recent or current infection, excluding vaccine serogroups in dogs.
This inventory of infecting Leptospira serogroups revealed that current vaccines in France are not fully capable of preventing the clinical form of the disease. Vocational Education and Training in France. This monograph gives an overview of the vocational education and training system in France. It contains the following information: Federal Register , , , , The Necessity of Minehunting in France And why are the French , Ohl such a small number of experts, interested in minehunting?
The coasts of France are Sheep Feed and Scrapie, France. Scrapie is a small ruminant, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy TSE. Although in the past scrapie has not been considered a zoonosis, the emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, transmissible to humans and experimentally to sheep, indicates that risk exists for small ruminant TSEs in humans.
To identify the risk factors for introducing scrapie into sheep flocks, a case-control study was conducted in France from to Ninety-four case and control flocks were matched by location and main breed. Three main hypotheses were tested: Statistical analysis was performed by using adjusted generalized linear models with the complementary log-log link function, considering flock size as an offset.
A notable effect of using proprietary concentrates and milk replacers was observed. The risk was heterogeneous among feed factories. Contacts between flocks were not shown to be a risk factor. Grundlagen des Tissue Engineering. Reticulation des fibres lignocellulosiques. France holds the record for cannabis use in Europe, especially among adolescents. This drug of abuse is thus mainly used during a very sensitive period of brain development, education, vehicle driving and development of life projects. In addition, synthetic derivatives of tetrahydrocannabinol THC , which are more noxious than cannabis itself are now appearing on the market.
Traficking and cultivation for personnal use have intensified; products proposed for sale are richer in THC; and some methods of consumption e-cigarettes, vaporizers, water pipes increase the supply of THC to the lungs and thence to the body and brain. It is in this context that attempts are being made to legalize this drug of abuse. Other attempts are made to disguise it as a medication. Meanwhile, the list of its psychic as well as physical damages grows longer, with some very severe cases of major injuries. This evolution takes place in spite of numerous warnings expressed by the French Academy of Medicine.
Subsequently, it is prompted to carefully and vigorously denounce these events. This will be the aim of this thematic session. United States International Trade Commission. Revised schedule for the subject review. Date of Commission approval. Curriculum Placement and Educational Stratification in France. Maintains that curriculum differentiation in France is the keystone of educational, and, consequently, social stratification.
Factors which influence curriculum differentiation include father's occupation, academic performance, parents' expectations, and teachers' expectations. Astronomical ephemerides, navigation and war. Scans of the documents. Astronomische Ephemeriden, Navigation und Krieg.
In a previous paper Wielen R. We were able to use numerous archivalia which we also describe and comment in that paper. In the present paper, we publish colour scans of these archivalia. All the documents shown here are held in the archives of the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut in Heidelberg. Current status of medical and veterinary entomology in France: Around participants, including scientists, teachers and several directors of research and educational bodies, were interviewed and filled in questionnaires for this survey.
On the basis of the results, it was concluded that the deterioration of MVE in France is associated with: Hence, the postgraduate DEA degree in entomology was eliminated, and even the name 'entomology' no longer appears in teaching programmes or on research contracts; 2 France 's withdrawal from action research programmes in developing countries.
Although these programmes were efficient in controlling outbreaks of major endemic diseases, integrated pest and vector management programmes have been replaced by basic health care 'Health for everyone in ' and vaccination programmes; 3 the general shift from field to laboratory research, focused mainly on molecular mechanisms. The survey results confirmed generally acknowledged trends concerning many points and highlighted several specific problems, such as the disappearance of systematics experts.
Several potential solutions are proposed. Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer in France: Although indirect evidence suggests that the incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma has increased in the last decade, few data are available in European countries. All patients hospitalized for pancreatic cancer in France in in public or private institutions were included. Patient and stays length, type of support, institutions characteristics were studied.
The results were compared with those observed in The average annual number and length of stay were 7 and 2. The increase in incidence was associated with a marked increase in hospital stays for chemotherapy. Kidney transplantation activity in France is among the most important worldwide: However, the rate of preemptive kidney transplants remains very low, only 3.
The median waiting time between registration and transplantation increased progressively in recent years, reaching Kidney transplantation activity, while increasing continuously, is far to cover the rising demand, and inexorably patients accumulate on the waiting list around patients were registered by January This situation is the consequence of insufficient organ procurement activity. The deceased organ procurement rate remained high: The procurement activity of donors after cardiac arrest was reintroduced in , but increased slowly: The living donor kidney transplantation activity has markedly increased recently: Facing the predictable increase in the number of.
En Belavin, Polyakov et Zamolodchikov revolutionnent la theorie des champs en explicitant une nouvelle gamme de theories, les theories quantiques des champs bidimensionnelles invariantes sous les transformations conformes. L'algebre des transformations conformes de l'espace-temps presente une caracteristique remarquable: Cette propriete impose de telles conditions aux fonctions de correlations qu'il est possible de les evaluer sans aucune approximation.
Les champs des theories conformes appartiennent a des representations de plus haut poids de l'algebre de Virasoro, une extension centrale de l'algebre conforme du plan. Ces representations sont etiquetees par h, le poids conforme de leur vecteur de plus haut poids, et par la charge centrale c, le facteur de l'extension centrale, commune a toutes les representations d'une meme theorie. Les theories conformes minimales sont constituees d'un nombre fini de representations.
Les theories super-conformes sont une version super-symetrique des theories conformes. Leurs champs appartiennent a des representation de plus haut poids de l'algebre de Neveu-Schwarz, une des deux extensions super -symetriques de l'algebre de Virasoro. Les theories super -conformes minimales possedent la meme structure que les theories conformes minimales. Methylphenidate Ritalin is the only psychostimulant approved in France and indicated in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children over 6 years.
It is under restricted prescription and distribution conditions. As such, it requires a hospital initiated prescription from either a neurology, psychiatry or pediatric specialist and it is covered by the "narcotics" schedule. The French Pharmacovigilance database spontaneous adverse drug reactions reporting, since it was approved in , were analyzed.
In 16 cases, methylphenidate was suspected. They were generally non-serious, mild side effects and in most cases promptly resolved. These results do not suggest methylphenidate misuse in France or an overuse in between and treated children, to date. Until more information is available concerning the long-term effects of methylphenidate, and in order to limit misuse, inappropriate or overuse, the current prescription and dispensing regulation should be maintained in France , and could well be developed in other countries.
Donovanosis granuloma inguinale is a bacterial infection caused by Klebsiella granulomatis that occurs mainly in the genital area and is primarily sexually transmitted; it is seen predominantly in the tropics. Herein, we report a case of the disease contracted in metropolitan France. A year-old man presented with painless ulceration of the glans, present for one month, with progressive extension; there was no history of any recent trip abroad.
Skin biopsy with Whartin-Starry and Giemsa staining revealed Donovan bodies in the cytoplasm of macrophages. Based on these findings, further questioning of the patient revealed unprotected sexual contact two months earlier in France. Treatment was initiated with azithromycin 1g on the first day followed by mg per day for three weeks.
The clinical outcome was spectacular, with almost complete regression of the ulcer at 7 days. This case demonstrates that donovanosis can occur in metropolitan France. Approximately nine months after South Africa hosted the World Cup the sex ratio at birth increased significantly. Given the similarity of positive psychological phenomena between the two countries, this study sought to determine if the sex ratio at birth increased in France circa nine months after the World Cup.
For statistical analysis, chi-squared tests were used. The sex ratio at birth did not increase in France after it hosted the World Cup. The influence of the World Cup on the sex ratio at birth depends on the context of a specific country. Promoting the Swedish method of physical education throughout France for the benefit of public health This article examines the cultural and public health challenges associated with the dissemination of the Swedish approach and methods of physical education throughout France and illustrates the two main methods of influence, both direct through research and study visits and indirect through the creation of an international network entitled the International Federation of Physical Education.
It also highlights their equally essential role in the successful implementation of a pro-Swedish network in France , intended to serve their public health aims. This analysis forms part of the geopolitical and socio-cultural history of foreign physical education models, whose exemplarity was mainly dependent on Franco-Swedish relations and the models' social representations. The thesis begins with an examination of what was understood by the term 'physics' in France circa.
The development of the centralised state educational system and the physics research which was produced within this system in Paris and the provinces, is then considered. Although all the relevant institutions, where some form of physics or physical science was taught, have been examined, the Ecole Polytechnique, and the Ecole Normale Superieure have a particular importance in the early period of this study.
As time passed and as a result of reforms put in hand by the republican regime which came out of the defeat of the Franco -Prussian war of , the universite system grew in importance, while the role of the Polytechnique declined. The Ecole Normale, the Paris Faculty and the provincial faculties form part of the universite system and participated in its growth. A knowledge of the objectives of the physics courses in these institutions helps in the understanding of the characteristics of physics in France in this period.
The central objective was, largely, to produce either science teachers, or in the case of the Polytechnique , a type of elite 'technocrat', for the state, i. This is not to say that research had no place in the institutions of higher education, on the contrary, and this research, carried out by both teachers and students, is examined here to try to relate its form and content to the particular institution in which it was carried out. The role of national organisations like the Societe de physique and the Association Francaise pour l'avancement des sciences in the development of physics in France is also considered, as is the role of the Academie des sciences.
The predominantly experimental nature of physics research in France is related to the. Des Moines metropolitan area ITS strategic plan. Progress in industrial holography in France. Industrial applications of holography in France are briefly reviewed.
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Particular attention is given to nondestructive testing of helicopter blades at Aerospatiale Central Laboratory, the use of holography at Renault for car-engine vibration study, vibration characterization of turbo-jet engine components at SNECMA, and vibration analysis of plates in an industrial hemodynamic tunnel. A Paradox in Physics Education in France. This paper deals with the nature and the level of difficulty of teaching and learning physics in the first year of undergraduate engineering schools in France.
Our case study is based on a survey regarding a classic and basic question in applied physics, and which was conducted with a group of second-year students in a post-baccalaureate 1…. The Flavor of France. This teacher's guide contains materials to be used in a study of France and its cuisine.
Unit 1 provides an overview of French geographic, political, economic, social, and cultural characteristics. Unit 2 studies French food habits, nutrition, food preparation, and meal patterns. Each unit contains a list of objectives e. Mycobacterium bovis Infection of Red Fox, France. Mycobacterium bovis infection in wild red foxes was found in southern France , where livestock and other wildlife species are infected. Foxes frequently interact with cattle but have been underestimated as a reservoir of M. Our results suggest a possible role of the red fox in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis.
Murine Typhus, Reunion, France , — Murine typhus case was initially identified in Reunion, France , in in a tourist. Our investigation confirmed 8 autochthonous cases that occurred during January —January in Reunion. Murine typhus should be considered in local patients and in travelers returning from Reunion who have fevers of unknown origin. The Status of Women in France Today. Reviews the women's movement in France during the past two centuries.
A discussion of the process by which French women acquired political rights and access to education and the professions leads to examination of the question of future directions. An annotated listing of French women's movements is appended. Compares developments in Britain, France , and Germany, focusing on the trends toward marketing adult career guidance services. Describes how Germany's centralized system and the quasi-market based system in France might apply in Britain. Satellite remote sensing of hailstorms in France. Hailstorms are meteorological phenomena of great interest to the scientific community, owing to their socioeconomic impact, which is mainly on agricultural production.
With its global coverage and high spatial and temporal resolution, satellite remote sensing can contribute to monitoring of such events through the development of appropriate techniques. For this reason, a new tool to suit the characteristics of hailstorms in France has been developed.
The new tool was tested in a case study with satisfactory results, supporting its future practical application. Five years of beach drainage survey on a macrotidal beach Quend-Plage, northern France. A drainage system was installed in on the macrotidal beach of Quend-Plage, close to Abbeville Somme, northern France , following a period of significant erosion of recreational areas. This paper presents the methodology used for this survey, and the response of the coastal system to this soft engineering method for preventing erosion.
These five years of drainage operation have strongly modified the morphology of the beach. Three main modifications occurred: These morphological changes finally led to the stabilization of the beach. This mini-unit seeks to fill the gap in textbooks that exists when teaching about modern France. This unit offers high school students a unique introduction to France in the mids.
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The mini-unit includes a two-sided poster, teaching tips, and student pages. Like in other advanced industrial countries, in France , demographic aging has become a widely debated research and policy topic. This article offers a brief overview of major aging-related trends in France. The article describes France 's demographics of aging, explores key policy matters, maps the institutional field of French social gerontology….
EASA states that it received reports that France Model AS helicopters. This AD requires installing protection sleeves over certain forward We are adopting a new airworthiness directive AD for Eurocopter France We are adopting a new airworthiness directive AD for the Eurocopter France Amendment ; Docket No. France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral agreement with Pursuant to our bilateral Determination These helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for We are adopting a new airworthiness directive AD for all Eurocopter France Pursuant to our bilateral agreement with France , EASA, its technical representative, has notified us of the unsafe condition described Pursuant to our bilateral agreement We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive AD for Eurocopter France Determination This helicopter model is manufactured in France and is type certificated for operation in the Determination These helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States.
Pursuant to our bilateral agreement with France , EASA, its technical representative, has notified us of the Determination These products have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for La campagne de mesure de Rock -Spring a porte plus specifiquement sur les effets de la refraction alors que la campagne de Bouin a prote plus specifiquement sur les effets de la turbulence. Finalement, le chapitre 5 compare les resultats experimentaux obtenus avec ceux donnes par le MHP, tant pour les resultats meteorologiques que pour les resultats acoustiques.
Des comparaisons avec un autre modele le Fast Field Program sont egalement presentees. Medication sales and syndromic surveillance, France. Although syndromic surveillance systems using nonclinical data have been implemented in the United States, the approach has yet to be tested in France. We present the results of the first model based on drug sales that detects the onset of influenza season and forecasts its trend.
Using weekly lagged sales of a selected set of medications, we forecast influenzalike illness ILI incidence at the national and regional level for 3 epidemic seasons , , and and validate the model with real-time updating on the fourth For national forecasts weeks ahead, the correlation between observed ILI incidence and forecast was 0. Our findings indicate that drug sales are a useful additional tool to syndromic surveillance, a complementary and independent source of information, and a potential improvement for early warning systems for both epidemic and pandemic planning.
Modeling the Historical Flood Events in France. In particular, the model re-simulates the most important and costly flood events that occurred during the past decade in France: The e-Bug project in France. The high rates of antibiotic prescriptions and antimicrobial resistance in France motivated its participation in the European e-Bug school project concerning microbes, and infection transmission, prevention and treatment. The prospect of raising awareness among children, helping them to adopt suitable attitudes and behaviour towards infection transmission and treatment starting from childhood, generated enthusiastic support from relevant national educational and health institutions throughout the Project.
France was actively involved in every stage: This evaluation showed an overall enthusiastic reception by teachers and their students in France , and reassured teachers on the ease of use of the Project's resources and students' progress. The e-Bug Project was launched through a national institutional implementation plan in September and orders for e-Bug tools increased rapidly.
France is one of the most frequent users of the e-Bug web site. The collaboration with both educational and health partners was particularly helpful to implementing the Project, and this was confirmed by the favourable reception and participation of teachers and students in the field. Frances Keesler Graham Frances Keesler Graham, noted psychophysiologist and developmental researcher, died on April 16, Fran was born in Canastota, New York, on August 1, Fran's high-quality research, her success in obtaining 39 years of uninterrupted funding, and the very high regard in which she was held among her colleagues led to numerous awards and honors.
Fran was demanding but equally willing to provide extensive assistance to students willing to work hard. Enterovirus Migration Patterns between France and Tunisia. The enterovirus EV types echovirus E- 5, E-9, and E, and coxsackievirus CV- A9 are infrequently reported in human diseases and their epidemiologic features are poorly defined. The EV types E-5, E-9, and E exhibited a lower worldwide genetic diversity respective number of genogroups: Virus spread events between France and 17 other countries in five continents had high probabilities of occurrence as those between Tunisia and two European countries other than France.
Inferring the source of virus transmission from phylogenetic data may provide insights into the patterns of sporadic and epidemic diseases caused by EVs. The procurement of organs from donors after circulatory death is a reliable technique which gives satisfactory posttransplant results and also represents a potential source of additional organs. In order to meet the growing need for organ donations, the 'anticipated organ donation approach' procedure is currently receiving renewed interest with new conditions for its implementation in France.
Populations at Risk for Alveolar Echinococcosis, France. During —, alveolar echinococcosis AE was diagnosed in patients in France , a country previously known to register half of all European patients. To better define high-risk groups in France , we conducted a national registry-based study to identify areas where persons were at risk and spatial clusters of cases. We interviewed AE patients about their way of life and compared responses to those of controls. Classification and regression tree analysis showed that the main risk factor was living in AE-endemic areas.
There, most at-risk populations lived in rural settings odds ratio [OR] These findings can help sensitization campaigns focus on specific groups. Luminescence dating of Holocene dune complexes along the shore of northern France Picardy. The Holocene dune and peat complexes along the shore of northern France Picardy had already been studied in detail by Meurisse et al.
Information about the palaeodevelopment of those dune fields is hence given due to existing 14C data as well as by sedimentological and morphological analyses. Due to the results from radiocarbon dating, different types of aeolian bodies could be correlated along the Picardy coastline and a regional stratigraphic sequence could be established Meurisse-Fort, The aim of the ongoing study is to get a higher chronological resolution for the different phases of dune activity in Picardy by luminescence dating what is a powerful tool to determine the time of last sunlight exposure of grains before burial this information yields important information about dune movement.
First tests concerning the signal intensity, the purity of the quartz OSL signal and the bleaching properties showed that quartz OSL dating works well for the dunes of the northern France coastline. The new luminescence ages will help to better unravel the phases of sand dune activity and stabilisation mainly controlled by climate changes and human impact. Recherches - Sciences Sciences de la Terre. The single aliquot regenerative. Isotopic reconstruction of ancient human migrations: A comprehensive Sr isotope reference database for France and the first case study at Tumulus de Sables, south-western France.
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Sr isotope ratios in rocks are a product of age and composition and thus vary between geologic units. From the eroding environment Sr is transported into the soils, plants and rivers of a region. Humans and animals incorporate Sr from their diet into their bones and teeth, where it substitutes for calcium. Tooth enamel contains Sr isotope signatures acquired during childhood and is most resistant to weathering and overprinting, while the dentine is often diagenetically altered towards the local Sr signature.
In a next step we will compare human and animal teeth from key archaeological sites to this reference map to investigate mobility. The isotope data, geologic background information BRGM 1: This database can also be used in forensic studies and food sciences. As an archaeological case study teeth from 16 adult and 8 juvenile individuals were investigated from an early Bell Beaker BC site at Le Tumulus des Sables, south-west France Gironde. Four teeth were also analysed using solution ICP-MS, which showed a significant offset to the laser ablation results.
This discussion of France focuses on regions and cities, age distribution, households and families, housing, labor force, consumption, education, and communications. France counted 54,, citizens as of March 4, There were , more people than in , yielding a 7-year growth rate of 3. If present trends continue, there will be 56 million French by the end of the s. For the 1st time in more than a century, urban areas of 20, or more did not gain population but merely held their own.
France continues to experience the effects of the large-scale decimation of its male population during the 2 world wars. The World war i loss showed up March as a relatively smaller group. Conversely the population aged 75 and over is growing, both in absolute numbers and as a percent of the population. The year old group constitutes the largest segment of the population--about double the group aged 19 and under--and its growing. The infant mortality rate has declined steadily in France , from The total fertility rate has continued to decline: Between households grew The growth in the number of households is attributed to the increase in divorce and the tendency for French children to leave the parental home at an earlier age.
France has nearly 23 million dwelling places. More than half of householders own their own homes. Conduct a synthesis of existing knowledge about the frequency of induced abortion or termination of pregnancy and unplanned pregnancies, the exposure factors of unplanned pregnancies and abortion and the associated morbidity and mortality. Consultation of The Medline database, and national and international reports on abortions in France and in developed countries.
The possibility of an abortion exists for all women; this potential event, however, is not equal for each and varies by age of women, socio-professional situations, geographical origins, marital status and past or present domestic and sexual violence. It is therefore possible that the prevention of unplanned pregnancy through early uptake of contraception and contraception options by women is related to a woman's lifestyle. Nonetheless, the number of abortion remains stable since its decriminalization despite the large increase in medicalized contraceptive prevalence rate.
Good knowledge of the epidemiology of voluntary termination of pregnancy and unplanned pregnancies is a prerequisite to better adopt prevention and case management strategies. Outlier detection for groundwater data in France. Quality and quantity water in France are increasingly observed since the 70s. Moreover, in , the EU Water Framework Directive established a framework for community action in the water policy field for the protection of inland surface waters rivers and lakes , transitional waters estuaries , coastal waters and groundwater.
It will ensure that all aquatic ecosystems and, with regard to their water needs, terrestrial ecosystems and wetlands meet 'good status' by The Directive requires Member States to establish river basin districts and for each of these a river basin management plan. In France , monitoring programs for the water status were implemented in each basin since The data collected through these programs feed into an information system which contributes to check the compliance of water environmental legislation implementation, assess the status of water guide management actions programs of measures and evaluate their effectiveness, and inform the public.
Our work consists in study quality and quantity groundwater data for some basins in France. We propose a specific mathematical approach in order to detect outliers and study trends in time series. In statistic, an outlier is an observation that lies outside the overall pattern of a distribution. Usually, the presence of an outlier indicates some sort of problem, thus, it is important to detect it in order to know the cause. In fact, techniques for temporal data analysis have been developed for several decades in parallel with geostatistical methods.
However compared to standard statistical methods, geostatistical analysis allows incomplete or irregular time series analysis.