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Table of contents
He remains in Middlemarch, working as a newspaper editor for Mr Brooke, who is mounting a campaign to run for Parliament on a Reform platform.
Lydgate's efforts to please Rosamond soon leave him deeply in debt, and he is forced to seek help from Bulstrode. He is partly sustained through this by his friendship with Camden Farebrother. Meanwhile Fred Vincy's humiliation at being responsible for Caleb Garth's financial setbacks shocks him into reassessing his life.
He resolves to train as a land agent under the forgiving Caleb. He asks Farebrother to plead his case to Mary Garth, not realizing that Farebrother is also in love with her. Farebrother does so, thereby sacrificing his own desires for the sake of Mary, whom he realises truly loves Fred and is just waiting for him to find his place in the world.
John Raffles, a mysterious man who knows of Bulstrode's shady past, appears in Middlemarch, intending to blackmail him. In his youth, the church-going Bulstrode engaged in questionable financial dealings, and his fortune is founded on his marriage to a much older, wealthy widow. The widow's daughter, who should have inherited her mother's fortune, had run away, and Bulstrode locates her but does not disclose this to the widow, so that he, rather than her daughter, inherits the fortune. The widow's daughter has a son, who turns out to be Ladislaw.
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After realizing their connection and feeling consumed with guilt, Bulstrode offers Ladislaw a large sum of money, which Ladislaw refuses because it is tainted. Bulstrode's terror of public exposure as a hypocrite leads him to hasten the death of the mortally sick Raffles, while lending a large sum to Lydgate, whom Bulstrode had previously refused to bail out of debt.
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However, the story of Bulstrode's misdeeds has already spread. Bulstrode's disgrace engulfs Lydgate, as knowledge of the loan becomes known, and he is assumed to be complicit with Bulstrode. Only Dorothea and Farebrother maintain faith in him, but Lydgate and Rosamond are nevertheless encouraged by the general opprobrium to leave Middlemarch. The disgraced and reviled Bulstrode's only consolation is that his wife stands by him as he too faces exile. When Mr Brooke's election campaign collapses, Ladislaw decides to leave the town and visits Dorothea to say his farewell.
But Dorothea has also fallen in love with him, whom she had previously seen only as her husband's unfortunate relative. She renounces Casaubon's fortune and shocks her family by announcing that she will marry Ladislaw. At the same time, Fred, who has been successful in his new career, marries Mary. The "Finale" details the eventual fortunes of the main characters.
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Fred and Mary marry and live contentedly with their three sons. Lydgate operates a practice outside Middlemarch but never finds fulfilment and dies at the age of 50, leaving Rosamond and four children. After he dies, Rosamond marries a wealthy physician. Ladislaw engages in public reform, and Dorothea is content as a wife and mother to their two children. Their son eventually inherits Arthur Brooke's estate. The action of Middlemarch takes place "between September and May ", or forty years prior to its publication during —, [20] a gap in time not so pronounced for it to be regularly labelled as a historical novel.
By comparison, Walter Scott 's Waverley — often regarded as the first major historical novel — takes place some sixty years before its publication. The critics Kathleen Blake and Michael York Mason opine that there has been insufficient attention given to Middlemarch "as a historical novel that evokes the past in relation to the present. The critic Rosemary Ashton notes that the lack of attention to this aspect of the novel might indicate its merits in this regard: " Middlemarch is that very rare thing, a successful historical novel.
In fact, it is so successful that we scarcely think of it in terms of that subgenre of fiction. Although rarely categorised as a historical novel, Middlemarch ' s attention to historical detail has been noticed by critics; in his review, Henry James recognised that Eliot's "purpose was to be a generous rural historian". Eliot's novel is set in the fictional town of Middlemarch, North Loamshire, which is probably based on Coventry , in the county of Warwickshire , where she had lived prior to moving to London.
Like Coventry, Middlemarch is described as being a silk-ribbon manufacturing town. The subtitle of the novel—"A Study of Provincial Life"—has been viewed as significant, with one critic viewing the unity of Middlemarch as being achieved through "the fusion of the two senses of 'provincial'": [23] that is on the one hand the geographical, meaning "all parts of the country except the capital"; and on the other hand, a person who is "unsophisticated" or "narrow-minded".
In that series, Arnold classifies British society in terms of the Barbarians aristocrats and landed gentry , Philistines urban middle class and Populace the working class , and Steedman suggests that Middlemarch "is a portrait of Philistine Provincialism ". It is worth noting that Eliot went to London, as her heroine Dorothea does at the end of the book, where Eliot achieved fame way beyond most women of her time, in contrast to Dorothea who takes on the role of nurturing Will and her family.
Eliot was rejected by her family once she had established her common-law relationship with Lewes, and "their profound disapproval prevented her ever going home again" and she did not visit Coventry during her last visit to the Midlands in Central to Middlemarch is the idea that Dorothea Brooke cannot hope to achieve the heroic stature of a figure like Saint Theresa , because Eliot's heroine lives at the wrong time: "amidst the conditions of an imperfect social state, in which great feelings will often take the aspect of error, and great faith the aspect of illusion".
Literary critic Kathleen Blake notes that George Eliot emphasises Saint Theresa's "very concrete accomplishment, the reform of a religious order", rather than the fact that she was a Christian mystic. Eliot has also been criticised more widely for ending the novel with Dorothea marrying a man, Will Ladislaw, so clearly her inferior. Marriage is one of the major themes in Middlemarch as, according to the critic George Steiner , "both principal plots [those of Dorothea and Lydgate] are case studies of unsuccessful marriage". In this regard, Fred resembles Henry Fielding 's character Tom Jones , both characters being moulded into a good husband by the love they give to and receive from a woman.
Dorothea is a Saint Theresa, born in the wrong century, in provincial Middlemarch, who mistakes in her idealistic ardor, "a poor dry mummified pedant […] as a sort of angel of vocation". So he marries Rosamond Vincy, "the woman in the novel who most contrasts with Dorothea", with the result that he "deteriorates from ardent researcher to fashionable doctor in London. The Examiner , The Spectator and Athenaeum reviewed each of the eight books that comprise Middlemarch as they were published from December to December ; [34] such reviews hence speculated as to the eventual direction of the plot and responded accordingly.
Writing as it was being published, the Spectator reviewer R. Hutton criticised the work for what he perceived as its melancholic quality. Collins noted the work's most forceful impression to be its ability to make the reader sympathise with the characters. The author Henry James offered a mixed opinion on Middlemarch , opining that it is "at once one of the strongest and one of the weakest of English novels".
His greatest criticism "the only eminent failure in the book" was towards the character of Ladislaw, whom he felt to be an insubstantial hero-figure against that of Lydgate.
Early life
The scenes between Lydgate and Rosamond he especially praised, on account of their psychological depth — he doubted whether there were any scenes "more powerfully real Although finding merit in certain scenes and qualities, Bentzon faulted the structure of the novel, describing it as being "made up of a succession of unconnected chapters, following each other at random The final effect is one of an incoherence which nothing can justify.
Despite the divided contemporary response, Middlemarch gained immediate admirers: in , the poet Emily Dickinson expressed high praise for the novel, exclaiming in a letter to a friend: "What do I think of Middlemarch? What do I think of glory. In separate centuries, Florence Nightingale and Kate Millett both remarked on the eventual subordination of Dorothea's own dreams to those of her admirer, Ladislaw [47] Indeed the ending acknowledges this and mentions how unfavourable social conditions prevented her from fulfilling her potential.
In the first half of the 20th century, Middlemarch continued to provoke contrasting responses; while her father Leslie Stephen dismissed the novel in , Virginia Woolf described it in as "the magnificent book that, with all its imperfections, is one of the few English novels written for grown-up people. Leavis 's The Great Tradition is regarded as having "rediscovered" the novel, [50] describing it as follows:.
Leavis' appraisal of it has been hailed as the beginning of a critical consensus that still exists towards the novel, in which it is recognised not only as Eliot's finest work, but as one of the greatest novels in English. Pritchett , in The Living Novel , two years earlier, in had written that "No Victorian novel approaches Middlemarch in its width of reference, its intellectual power, or the imperturbable spaciousness of its narrative I doubt if any Victorian novelist has as much to teach the modern novelists as George Eliot No writer has ever represented the ambiguities of moral choice so fully".
In the 21st century, the novel continues to be held in high regard. The novelists Martin Amis and Julian Barnes have both described it as probably the greatest novel in the English language, [e] [53] and today Middlemarch is frequently taught in university courses. In , the then British Education Secretary Michael Gove referred to Middlemarch in a speech, suggesting its superiority to Stephenie Meyer 's vampire novel Twilight. Middlemarch has been adapted numerous times for television and the theatre.
This series was a critical and financial success and revived public interest in the adaptation of classics. The opera Middlemarch in Spring by Allen Shearer to a libretto by Claudia Stevens has a cast of six and treats only the central story of Dorothea Brooke. It was first produced in San Francisco in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Middlemarch disambiguation. Dewey Decimal. The mysteries of human nature surpass the "mysteries of redemption," for the infinite we only suppose, while we see the finite. The immediate success of Middlemarch may have been proportioned rather to the author's reputation than to its intrinsic merits.
The Times. They've produced the greatest writer in the English language ever, George Eliot, and arguably the third greatest, Jane Austen, and certainly the greatest novel, Middlemarch New Statesman. Retrieved 1 April Middlemarch, by contrast [to Twilight ], though years older, features a free-thinking, active and educated heroine. If we want our daughters to aspire, which provides the better role model? The Guardian. I think she would be better starting with Silas Marner or The Mill on the Floss and leaving Middlemarch until she had greater life experience and emotional maturity.
Marion Wynne—Davies. New York: Prentice Hall, , p. Retrieved 13 April His quarrels with Thomas Becket , archbishop of Canterbury , and with members of his own family his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine , and such sons as Richard the Lion-Heart and John Lackland ultimately brought about his defeat. Henry II was king of England from to The first of three Angevin kings of England, he expanded the Anglo-French domains and strengthened the royal administration.
His quarrels with the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket , and with various family members including his son, Richard the Lionheart ultimately brought about his defeat. Henry, who was the duke of Aquitaine, had a claim to the English throne, and he invaded England in King Stephen agreed to accept Henry as his coadjutor and heir. Henry acquired most of the Continental possessions that would expand the kingdom of England before he became king in He inherited the duchy of Normandy in ; succeeded his father as count of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine in ; and in , marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine , acquired Aquitaine, Gascony, Poitou, and Auvergne.
Determined to assert his rights in all his lands, Henry II reasserted the centralized power of his grandfather, Henry I , in England. He issued the Constitutions of Clarendon , which restricted ecclesiastical privileges and curbed the power of church courts. And he instituted the Assize of Clarendon , in which the procedure of criminal justice was established.
Of his five sons, only Richard and John survived his death on July 6, Richard succeeded his father as king. After his death in , John ascended the throne. After receiving a good literary education, part of it in England, Henry became duke of Normandy in and count of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine on the death of his father, Geoffrey Plantagenet , in Although the claim of his mother, Matilda , daughter of Henry I , to the English crown had been set aside by her cousin, King Stephen , in , Henry advanced his fortunes by marrying the beautiful and talented Eleanor, recently divorced from King Louis VII of France, who brought with her hand the lordship of Aquitaine.
Henry invaded England in , and King Stephen agreed to accept him as coadjutor and heir. When Stephen died the following year Henry succeeded without opposition, thus becoming lord of territories stretching from Scotland to the Pyrenees. The young king lacked visible majesty.
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Of stocky build, with freckled face, close-cut tawny hair, and gray eyes, he dressed carelessly and grew to be bulky; but his personality commanded attention and drew men to his service. He could be a good companion, with ready repartee in a jostling crowd, but he displayed at times an ungovernable temper and could be heartless and ruthless when necessary. Restless, impetuous , always on the move, regardless of the convenience of others, he was at ease with scholars, and his administrative decrees were the work of a cool realist.
In his long reign of 34 years he spent an aggregate of only 14 in England. His career may be considered in three aspects: the defense and enlargement of his dominions, the involvement in two lengthy and disastrous personal quarrels, and his lasting administrative and judicial reforms.
Presidency
His territories are often called the Angevin Empire. Some, indeed, were under the feudal overlordship of the king of France. By conquest, through diplomacy, and through the marriages of two of his sons, he gained acknowledged possession of what is now the west of France from the northernmost part of Normandy to the Pyrenees, near Carcassonne.