Manual Broken Windows

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The broken windows theory is a criminological theory that states that visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil disorder create an urban environment.
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Though these two theories take different forms in practice, they both stem from the same fundamental concept that law enforcement officers must have an active presence within their communities in order to reduce major crime.

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Wilson and George L. Disorder is not directly linked to serious crime; instead, disorder leads to increased fear and withdrawal from residents, which then allows more serious crime to move in because of decreased levels of informal social control.


  1. The theory in practice.
  2. GRAHAM: Broken windows policing failure, adjustments needed.
  3. Broken Windows.

The Broken Windows theory was initially and most notably put into practice by the NYPD, but has also been a fundamental theory for building policing strategies for law enforcement agencies across the country. Wardlow , in which the U. In the field of criminology, the broken windows theory holds that lingering visible evidence of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil unrest in densely populated urban areas suggests a lack of active local law enforcement and encourages people to commit further, even more serious crimes. The theory was first suggested in by social scientist, George L.

Kelling explained the theory as follows:. Kelling based his theory on the results of an experiment conducted by Stanford psychologist Philip Zimbardo in In his experiment, Zimbardo parked an apparently disabled and abandoned car in a low-income area of the Bronx, New York City, and a similar car in an affluent Palo Alto, California neighborhood.

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Within 24 hours, everything of value had been stolen from the car in the Bronx. At the same time, the car abandoned in Palo Alto remained untouched for over a week, until Zimbardo himself smashed it with a sledgehammer. Zimbardo concluded that in high-crime areas like the Bronx, where such abandoned property is commonplace, vandalism and theft occur far faster as the community takes such acts for granted. Kelling concluded that by selectively targeting minor crimes like vandalism, public intoxication, and loitering, police can establish an atmosphere of civil order and lawfulness, thus helping to prevent more serious crimes.

Bratton directed NYPD to step up enforcement of laws against crimes like public drinking, public urination, and graffiti. In 17 of the spots, police made more misdemeanor arrests, while other city authorities cleared trash, fixed streetlights, and enforced building codes.

Examining the ‘Broken Windows’ Theory

In the other 17 spots, no changes in routine procedures were made. Today, however, five major U. In all of these cities, police stress aggressive enforcement of minor misdemeanor laws. This message may be routed through support staff.

Computer Security: Digital Broken Windows Theory | CERN

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