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Enslaved people were seen not as people at all but as commodities to produced by slavery globally — among the North American colonies, the and all references to slavery were removed, in stunning contrast to Although it folded in , Freedom's Journal served as inspiration Amazing series.
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In a diary entry for Wednesday, June 27, , Clarkson tells of the moment he arrived in the slave ship port of Bristol. Genuine misgivings about his work gave way to a steely determination that served him well in the battles ahead:. I began now to tremble, for the first time, at the arduous task I had undertaken, of attempting to subvert one of the branches of the commerce of the great place which was then before me.

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I began to think of the host of people I should have to encounter in it. I anticipated much persecution in it also; and I questioned whether I should even get out of it alive. But in journeying on, I became more calm and composed. My spirits began to return. In these latter moments I considered my first feelings as useful, inasmuch as they impressed upon me the necessity of extraordinary courage, and activity, and perseverance, and of watchfulness, also, over my own conduct, that I might not throw any stain upon the cause I had undertaken.

113 Abraham Lincoln Quotes Depicting His Compassion For All

When, therefore, I entered the city, I entered it with an undaunted spirit, determining that no labour should make me shrink, nor danger, nor even persecution, deter me from my pursuit. Clarkson translated his prize-winning essay from Latin into English and supervised its distribution by the tens of thousands. He helped organize boycotts of the West Indian rum and sugar produced with slave labor. He gave lectures and sermons.

He wrote many articles and at least two books. He helped British seamen escape from the slave-carrying ships they were pressed into against their will. He filed murder charges in courts to draw attention to the actions of fiendish slave ship captains. He convinced witnesses to speak. He gathered testimony, rustled up petition signatures by the thousands and smuggled evidence from under the very noses of his adversaries.

His life was threatened many times, and once, surrounded by an angry mob, he very nearly lost it. The long hours, the often thankless and seemingly fruitless forays to uncover evidence, the risks and the costs that came in every form, the many low points when it looked like the world was against him — all of that went on and on, year after year. When Britain went to war with France in , Clarkson and his committee saw their early progress in winning converts evaporate. The opposition in Parliament argued that abandoning the slave trade would only hand a lucrative business to a formidable enemy.

And the public saw winning the war as more important than freeing people of another color and another continent. But Clarkson did not relent. He, Wilberforce and the committee kept spreading the message and looking for the best opportunities to advance it. Depicting hundreds of slaves crammed like sardines in horrible conditions, it proved to be pivotal in winning the public.


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It even produced one of the first newsletters and, as Hochschild suggests, one of the first direct-mail campaigns for the purpose of raising money. The effort finally paid off. The tide of public opinion swung firmly to the abolitionists. Twenty-six more years of laborious effort by Clarkson, Wilberforce and others were required before Britain passed legislation in to free all slaves within its realm. Landless farmworkers are enslaved on ranches and plantations in Brazil. Illegal debts and a lack of access to justice plague the poor and marginalized in India—entire families are enslaved for borrowing small sums in emergencies.

In Nepal, thousands must head overseas each year to find work—many are tricked by traffickers. Many businesses will match your contributions or allow you to make tax-exempt contributions directly from your paycheck. The number is Residents of the following states may obtain a copy of our financial and additional information as stated below:.

Colorado: Colorado residents may obtain copies of registration and financial documents from the office of the Secretary of State, , www. No Georgia: A full and fair description of the programs and financial statement summary of Free the Slaves is available upon request at the office and phone number indicated above.

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Illinois: Contracts and reports regarding Free the Slaves, Inc. Maryland: Documents and information submitted under the Maryland Solicitations Act are also available, for the cost of postage and copies, from the Secretary of State, State House, Annapolis, MD Registration by the Secretary of State does not imply endorsement. North Carolina: Financial information about this organization and a copy of its license are available from the State Solicitation Licensing Branch at or The license is not an endorsement by the State. Pennsylvania: The official registration and financial information of Free the Slaves may be obtained from the Pennsylvania Department of State by calling Registration does not imply endorsement.

Box , Richmond, VA Other groups would sing outside, on benches set up in a square. Preachers used shape note hymns to teach people on the frontier and to raise the emotion of camp meetings. Most of the music was Christian, but the purpose of communal singing was not primarily spiritual. Communities either could not afford music accompaniment or rejected it out of a Calvinistic sense of simplicity, so the songs were sung a cappella. When originally used in Olney, it is unknown what music, if any, accompanied the verses written by John Newton.

The Most Beautiful "Amazing Grace" I've ever heard

Contemporary hymnbooks did not contain music and were simply small books of religious poetry. The first known instance of Newton's lines joined to music was in A Companion to the Countess of Huntingdon's Hymns London, , where it is set to the tune "Hephzibah" by English composer John Husband. This was an amalgamation of two melodies "Gallaher" and "St.

Mary" , first published in the Columbian Harmony by Charles H. Spilman and Benjamin Shaw Cincinnati, Spilman and Shaw, both students at Kentucky's Centre College , compiled their tunebook both for public worship and revivals, to satisfy "the wants of the Church in her triumphal march". Most of the tunes had been previously published, but "Gallaher" and "St. Mary" had not.

Mary", but that does not mean that he wrote it.

The music behind 'amazing' had a sense of awe to it. The music behind 'grace' sounded graceful. There was a rise at the point of confession, as though the author was stepping out into the open and making a bold declaration, but a corresponding fall when admitting his blindness. King became widely influential and continues to be used. Another verse was first recorded in Harriet Beecher Stowe 's immensely influential anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. Three verses were emblematically sung by Tom in his hour of deepest crisis.

It was one of between 50 and 70 verses of a song titled "Jerusalem, My Happy Home", which was first published in a book called A Collection of Sacred Ballads :. When we've been there ten thousand years, Bright shining as the sun, We've no less days to sing God's praise, Than when we first begun. Shape-note singing communities, with all the members sitting around an open center, each song employing a different song leader, illustrated this in practice.

Simultaneously, the US began to expand westward into previously unexplored territory that was often wilderness. The "dangers, toils, and snares" of Newton's lyrics had both literal and figurative meanings for Americans.

Why the extraordinary story of the last slave in America has finally come to light

Civil War — With death so real and imminent, religious services in the military became commonplace. Although "Amazing Grace" set to "New Britain" was popular, other versions existed regionally. Primitive Baptists in the Appalachian region often used "New Britain" with other hymns, and sometimes sing the words of "Amazing Grace" to other folk songs, including titles such as " In the Pines ", "Pisgah", "Primrose", and "Evan", as all are able to be sung in common meter, of which the majority of their repertoire consists.

Two musical arrangers named Dwight Moody and Ira Sankey heralded another religious revival in the cities of the US and Europe, giving the song international exposure.

Moody's preaching and Sankey's musical gifts were significant; their arrangements were the forerunners of gospel music , and churches all over the US were eager to acquire them. Publisher Edwin Othello Excell gave the version of "Amazing Grace" set to "New Britain" immense popularity by publishing it in a series of hymnals that were used in urban churches.

Excell altered some of Walker's music, making it more contemporary and European, giving "New Britain" some distance from its rural folk-music origins. Excell's version was more palatable for a growing urban middle class and arranged for larger church choirs. Several editions featuring Newton's first three stanzas and the verse previously included by Harriet Beecher Stowe in Uncle Tom's Cabin were published by Excell between and His version of "Amazing Grace" became the standard form of the song in American churches.