Die Verlegerinnen und Verleger von Ankerherz, Avant, Edition Büchergilde, Jung . Stand heute: Den „Kreuzber- Vorweihnachts-Ruhe im neuen ger“ gibt's nicht mehr, die in einem Hotelressort in den BerLinder, Helene Fischer und Cassandra . Mo Klassik im Kino Jeanne d'Arc (OmU) · Oper in drei Akten von.
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In Anna Neagle gave her most prestigious performance so far — as Queen Victoria in the successful historical drama Victoria the Great , co-starring Anton Walbrook as Prince Albert. Victoria the Great was such an international success that it resulted in Neagle and Walbrook essaying their roles again in an all-Technicolor sequel entitled Sixty Glorious Years , co-starring C.
Aubrey Smith as the Duke of Wellington. While the first of these films was in release, Neagle returned to the London stage in the title role in Peter Pan. Their first American film was Nurse Edith Cavell She essayed the role of the true-lifenurse who was shot by the Germans in World War I for alleged spying. The film had a significant impact for audiences on the eve of war. In a turnabout from this serious drama, they followed with three musical comedies, all based on once-popular stage plays.
The first was Irene , co-starring Ray Milland. It included a Technicolor sequence, which featured Neagle singing the play's most famous song, Alice Blue Gown. During the war Anna Neagle entertained the troops. Her final American film was Forever and a Day , a tale of a London family house from to the blitz.
This film boasts 80 performers mostly British , including Ray Milland, C. During the war the profits and salaries were given to war relief. After the war, prints were slated to be destroyed, so that no one could profit from them. However, this never occurred. Neagle added another real-life British heroines to her gallery, this time as aviatrix Amy Johnson.
They returned to filmmaking with the war-time espionage thriller The Yellow Canary , co-starring Richard Greene and Margaret Rutherford. Neagle played a German-sympathiser or that is what she seems to be at first who is forced to go to Canada for her own safety. In reality, she's working as an undercover agent. After making this film, Neagle and Wilcox made their professional relationship a personal one as well when they married in In Neagle appeared on stage in Emma, a dramatization of Jane Austen's novel. She wanted Harrison again for the lead in her next film, Piccadilly Incident He proved to be unavailable, so Wilcox cast Michael Wilding in the lead.
Thus was born what film critic Godfrey Winn called "the greatest team in British films". The story — of a wife, presumed dead, returning to her remarried husband — bears a resemblance to the Irene Dunne-Cary Grant comedy My Favorite Wife. Neagle and Wilding were reunited in The Courtneys of Curzon Street , a period drama that became the year's top box-office attraction. The film featured Wilding as an upper-class dandy and Neagle as the maid he marries, only to have the two of them driven apart by Victorian society.
Neagle and Wilding were together for a fourth time in the Technicolor romance Maytime in Mayfair The plot is reminiscent of Roberta, as it had Wilding inheriting a dress shop owned by Neagle. David Absalom comments on his great website BritishPictures. This is particularly true of the "London Series" of frothy nonsense, usually co-starring Michael Wilding and usually musicals. The critics wanted neo-realist pictures depicting grim reality - the audience, who were suffering through the Austerity Years and knew all about grim reality, wanted fun and escapism. Anna Neagle pictures provided that in spades.
As Odette Sansom, she was the Anglo-French resistance fighter who was pushed to the edge of betrayal by the Nazis. Going from this real-life British heroine, she went straight on to playing Florence Nightingale in The Lady with the Lamp Returning to the stage in , she scored a major success with The Glorious Days, which had a run of performances. Neagle and Wilcox brought the play to the screen under the title Lilacs in the Spring , co-starring Errol Flynn. In the film she plays an actress knocked out by a bomb, who dreams she is Queen Victoria and Nell Gwyn — as well as her own mother.
As she begins dreaming, the film switches from black and white to color. Neagle and Flynn reteamed for a second film together, King's Rhapsody , based on an Ivor Novello musical. Although Neagle performed several musical numbers for the film, most of them were cut from the final release, leaving her with essentially a supporting role. Neagle's and Flynn's box-office appeal, it seemed, was beginning to fade. Neagle's last box-office hit was My Teenage Daughter , which featured her as a mother trying to prevent her daughter Sylvia Syms from lapsing into juvenile deliquency.
As directed by Cyril Frankel, this was the first film for over 20 years where Neagle was directed by someone other than Herbert Wilcox. She produced a series of films directed by her husband, including These Dangerous Years , Wonderful Things! The films all starred pop idol Frankie Vaughan, but they were out of touch with changing tastes, and lost money, resulting in Wilcox going heavily into debt. Herbert Wilcox was bankrupt by , but his wife soon revived his fortunes. She returned to the stage the following year and made a spectacular comeback in the West End musical Charlie Girl.
Charlie Girl was a phenomenal success that ran for a staggering six years and 2, performances. During the show's six-year run, Neagle was made a Dame of the British Empire in in recognition of her work. Two years after Charlie Girl she appeared in a revival of No, No, Nanette, which she had done onscreen three decades earlier. Although plagued by Parkinson's disease in her later years, Neagle continued to be active well into her eighties.
Neagle was still working in , just a few weeks before her death in West Byfleet, England, from complications of renal disease and cancer. Borden's efforts to catch a whale failed and he sold Adventuress to the San Francisco Bar Pilots Association, which marked the beginning of her career as a workboat. For 35 years, she transferred pilots to and from cargo vessels near the Farallone Islands.
Around , Adventuress was brought to Seattle, where she went through several owners. Eventually, she wound up in the care of Monty Morton and Ernestine Bennett, who managed a non-profit sail training organization called Youth Adventures. Under their ownership, the boat was restored to most of her original lines. Today Adventuress is operated by the non-profit organization Sound Experience , as a platform for environmental education about Puget Sound.
My brother, Stephen Pallett, has farmed near the south shore of Lake Simcoe for close to fifty years: Over the years he has served as an area councillor and was on the board of the conservation authority. Currently, he is vice president of the Red Barn Theatre in Jackson's Point, and also serves as chair for the committee of adjustment for the Town of Georgina. Another of his activities has been the annual bird count.
In agriculture, a set of harrows is an implement for cultivating the surface of the soil. In this way it is distinct in its effect from the plough, which is used for deeper cultivation. They are commonly called harrows plural as they are used as a set. There are nominally three types of harrows; disc disk , tine and chain.
Harrows were originally horse-drawn. In modern practice they are almost always tractor-mounted implements, drawn after the tractor, either trailed or mounted on the three-point linkage. Harrowing is often carried out on fields to follow the rough finish left by ploughing operations. The purpose of this harrowing is generally to break up clods and lumps of soil and to provide a finer finish, a good tilth or soil structure that is suitable for seeding and planting operations.
Such coarser harrowing may also be used to remove weeds and to cover seed after sowing. In cooler climates the most common types are the disc harrow, the chain harrow, the tine harrow or spike harrow and the spring tine harrow. Chain harrows are often used for lighter work such as levelling the tilth or covering seed, while disc harrows are typically used for heavy work, such as following ploughing to break up the sod. In addition, there are various types of power harrow, in which the cultivators are power-driven from the tractor rather than depending on its forward motion.
Tine harrows are used to refine seed-bed condition before planting, to remove small weeds in growing crops and to loosen the inter-row soils to allow for water to soak into the subsoil. Chain harrowing may be used on pasture land to spread out dung, and to break up dead material thatch in the sward, and similarly in sports-ground maintenance a light chain harrowing is often used to level off the ground after heavy use, to remove and smooth out boot marks and indentations.
When used on tilled land in combination with the other two types, chain harrowing rolls the remaining larger clumps of soil to the surface where the weather will break them down and prevent interference with seed germination. All three harrow types can be used in one pass to prepare the soil for seeding. It is also common to used any combination of two harrows for a variety of tilling processes.
Where harrowing provides a very fine tilth, or the soil is very light so that it might easily be wind-blown, a roller is often added as the last of the set. Harrows may be of several types and weights, depending on the intended purpose. They almost always consist of a rigid frame to which are attached discs, teeth, linked chains or other means of cultivation, but tine and chain harrows are often only supported by a rigid towing-bar at the front of the set. In the southern hemisphere the so-called giant discs are a specialised kind of disc harrows that can stand in for a plough in very rough country where a mouldboard plough will not handle the tree-stumps and rocks, and a disc-plough is too slow because of its limited number of discs.
Giant discs are scalloped-edged discs operated in a set, or frame, that is often weighted with concrete or steel blocks to improve penetration of the cutting edges. This sort of cultivation is normally immediately followed by broadcast fertilisation and seeding, rather than drilled or row seeding. On rough soils, harrows ought to be driven as fast as the horses can walk; because their effect is in the direct proportion to the degree of velocity with which they are driven.
In ordinary cases, and in every case where harrowing is meant for covering the seed, three harrows are the best yoke, because they fill up the ground more effectually and leave fewer vacancies, than when a smaller number is employed. The harrowman's attention, at the seed process, should be constantly directed to prevent these implements from riding upon each other, and to keep them clear of every impediment from stones, lumps of earth, or clods, and quickens or grass roots; for any of these prevents the implement from working with perfection, and causes a mark or trail upon the surface, always unpleasing to the eye, and generally detrimental to the vegetation of the seed.
Harrowing is usually given in different directions, first in length, then across, and finally in length as at first. Careful husbandmen study, in the finishing part of the process, to have the harrows drawn in a straight line, without suffering the horses to go in a zigzag manner, and are also attentive that the horses enter fairly upon the ridge, without making a curve at the outset. In some instances, an excess of harrowing has been found very prejudicial to the succeeding crop; but it is always necessary to give so much as to break the furrow, and level the surface, otherwise the operation is imperfectly performed.
Edvard Munch was a turn-of-the-century Norwegian artist, best known for his extremely personal brand of Symbolism, which helped lay the foundations for and proved a lasting influence on the later Expressionist school of art. Edvard Munch was born on December 12, , in the small town of Loten, Norway, as the second of five children. Edvard had three sisters, Sophie, Laura and Inger, and one brother, Andreas. Although ostensibly middle class, the family had but modest means and often struggled financially.
In , soon after Edvard's birth, the family moved to Kristiania, the capital of Norway the city would be renamed to "Christiania" in and again to "Oslo," its present name, in In , Edvard's mother died of consumption tuberculosis and her sister, Karen Bjolstad, took care for the children and the household upon herself.
In , Edvard's elder sister Sophie also succumbed to tuberculosis. These two deaths greatly affected the future painter and echoes of the pain and despair he felt at the time would appear frequently in his work.
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Although Munch was interested in painting since he was a boy, his family was not in love with the idea and urged him to acquire a more prestigious and profitable profession. In , at the age of 16, he entered the Oslo Technical College with the idea of becoming an engineer. He pursued this field of study for little more than a year before deciding that his true calling was art and dropping out of the college.
Soon thereafter, he enrolled for evening classes at the Royal Drawing School in Oslo. By , he was studying there full-time. Edvard Munch was a quick and able student. At the Royal Drawing School, he was considered one of the most gifted young artists of his day. In addition to his normal classes, Munch also began taking private lessons with Christian Krohg, an established artist and good friend. He also attended the open-air summer school of Frits Thaulow at Modum.
In , Munch exhibited at the Oslo Autumn Exhibition for the first time. Over the next few years, he would become a regular participant. Munch was exposed to a wide range of artistic influence during his formative period, which lasted from about to The painter often visited Kristiania's Oslo's rather modest National Gallery, and had an avid interest in contemporary art magazines. Like most of Northern, Eastern and Central Europe, Norway was considered culturally to be a provincial backwater and, like many of his colleagues and contemporaries, Munch traveled extensively to learn from both the rich painting traditions and the latest artistic developments of Europe's enlightened West and South.
In , the painter attended the World Exhibition at Antwerp and paid a brief visit to Paris, then considered the Mecca of contemporary art. Munch was certainly familiar with the work of the Impressionists, whose large exhibition in Paris he visited that year and again in , when there was another such exhibition in Copenhagen. At home in Norway, the artist was part of a group of radical young intellectuals, which included both painters and writers and espoused a variety of political views, from anarchism to socialism to Marxism.
Their ideas certainly influenced Munch's own.
Nicholas Vazsonyi - Richard Wagner Self Promotion and the Making of a Brand
However, the painter's artistic focus would always remain on himself and his own subjective experiences, almost notoriously so. Thus, he often re-visited the tragic episode of his beloved sister's sickness and death in such works as The Sick Child and Spring This latter painting delighted the critics and paved the way, in , for Munch's first solo exhibition at Kristiania. That same year, he received a scholarship from the Norwegian government to study abroad. The artist traveled to Paris, where he enrolled at the art school of Leon Bonnat. He also attended the major exhibitions, where he became familiar with the works of the Post-Impressionists.
His own canvases of the time show considerable Impressionist influence: On the other hand, Night in St. Cloud, a dramatic and highly emotional work, has all the characteristic traits of Naturalism. In , Munch visited Berlin, where he had been invited to exhibit by the Berlin Artists' Association. The painter's work was received very poorly, and the exhibition was closed down after only a few days, as the critics howled in outrage.
Undeterred, the painter toured through Cologne and Dusseldorf, before returning once again to Berlin. As so often happens, the initial scandal attracted a great deal of attention to the artist, and he quickly found supporters and patrons. Munch stayed in Berlin for over a year. Many of his paintings found customers and he was at last able to make a comfortable living. In the following years, he traveled throughout Europe, exhibiting in Paris, Berlin, Copenhagen and Stockholm.
In , he exhibited at the Parisian Salon des Independents for the first time. In , Munch had discovered Asgardstrand, a seaside resort located about 50 miles away from Oslo, and rented a cottage there the following year. He would spend many summers there. In , he finally purchased the house and established it as his home base, though he continued to travel extensively. Munch's work of the period is concerned with human life, love and death. The paintings are more and more concerned with melancholy and the darker emotions.
Some of the most notable products of this time include: The famous Scream -- Munch produced several versions -- also belongs to this period. The painter gathered these works into an ensemble he titled The Frieze of Life, which he exhibited in a series of European cities. Like so much of Munch's previous work, this series of works had mixed reception among the critics and the public. In , the artist was commissioned by physician Dr.
Max Linde to paint a number of decorative pieces for the children's room in the doctor's house. Munch produced eleven large canvases, depicting landscapes. Linde paid the artist in full, he was not completely satisfied with the results. The paintings, known as the Linde Frieze, stayed up for only eleven months before being taken down, stored and finally returned to the painter, from where they would find their way, separately, to a variety of museums and collections.
Although the subjects of the paintings were quite tame, showing the beautiful Asgardstrand landscape, the doctor felt they were "unsuitable for children," perhaps because of the melancholy, brooding air that Munch seemed to unconsciously imbue his work with. In , Munch was commissioned by Max Reinhardt, the famous German theater director, to paint a decorative frieze for the Deutsches Theater.
The painter had previously designed the stage set for Reinhardt's production of Ghosts, by Henryk Ibsen. The frieze was intended to decorate one of the rooms at the theater. For it, Munch chose to use the same theme as he had for the Linde frieze, but, unconstrained now, he peopled the landscape of Asgardstrand with vacationers and lovers.
Works from the Reinhardt Frieze include: In total, the artist painted 12 canvases for this project. While not rejected outright, the work was again received poorly although it is, arguably, some of Munch's best. After only a few years, the room was re-decorated and the paintings taken down. The artist himself complained about the project, claiming that it had been a large amount of work for meager pay.
In fact, Munch was in dire financial straits at this time, which were not helped by his nerves, frail health and heavy drinking. In , he suffered a breakdown, as a consequence of which he retired to his cottage at Asgardstrand, there to live in relative isolation and solitude for the next several years. His designs were chosen out of a number of competitors, not without controversy, after the University of Jena, Germany, offered to purchase the painter's projects for themselves.
The University of Oslo would not allow that and, in , Munch was reluctantly given the job. The canvases, nine of them, 15 feet high each, with the largest spanning 38 feet in width, were finally unveiled in and easily rank among some of the artist's best work. Around this time, Munch purchased the estate of Ekely in a quiet suburb of Oslo, which he would make his permanent home in the coming years. After , Munch grew increasingly withdrawn from public life, limiting social contacts and carefully guarding his privacy. He lived alone, without a servant or housekeeper, with only several dogs for company, and devoted his days to painting.
It was during this period, ironically, that he at last began to gain the recognition that had been denied him previously by both critics and public. As early as , Munch's work had been exhibited alongside the works of such acclaimed Post-Impressionist painters as Cezanne, Gauguin and Van Gogh. The artist inspired great interest in Germany, which saw him as a vital link between the art world of Paris and the art world of Northern Europe.
Between and , large exhibitions of his work were held in Berlin, Wiesbaden, Frankfurt, Dresden, Mannheim and Munich, as well as Copenhagen and Zurich. Works of this period include: In , a blood vessel in the painter's eye burst, seriously impairing his vision. As a result, Munch was forced to paint much less than before. In , major exhibitions were held in honor of the painter's 70th birthday.
In , the painter's eye problems grew worse, and he was forced to abandon work on decorative friezes and murals. That year, Munch had his first exhibition in England, which had thus far not shared the enthusiasm with which the painter was greeted in Central and Northern Europe. Ironically, the attitude towards the painter in Germany, where the painter had first gained widespread recognition had changed for the worse. With the rise to power of the Nazis in , artistic innovations began to be regarded negatively. In , eighty-two of Munch's paintings were declared "degenerate" and removed from museums.
Many of these works found their way to the private collections of prominent Nazis, indicating that their personal views on Munch's art were rather different from the official party line. In , Germany occupied Norway. The artist refused to be associated in any way with the Nazis and the Quisling puppet-government they set up in Norway, isolating himself in his country home. His dramatic self-portrait By the Window dates to this period. In the painting, a balding and aging Munch stares defiantly upwards at something beyond the canvas.
In the window behind him, a tangled winter landscape contrasts sharply with the warm, ruddy colors of the interior and the painter's face. That year saw his first -- and only -- exhibition in the Americas, less than one and a half years before the artist's death. Edvard Munch died on January 23, , at his estate in Ekely. He bequeathed all of his property, which included over 1, paintings and close to 20, sketches, woodcuts and lithographs, to the city of Oslo. The Munch Museum was subsequently opened there to mark the painter's centenary, in I first met Mohammed Harib lammtara in when we studied together in the states.
I was happy for him but never thought it would become true. I salute him for his courage and determination as he proved to me and many people of this generation that dreams can come true, and we can be who we choose to become. Lammtara is a man of dreams, diving into many fields. A role model that all of us should follow. I look forward with anticipation for his animation next year on Dubai TV. Loreto Aprutino boasts ancient origins dating back to Italic, Roman and early Christian settlements. The remains of an ancient Roman villa, and a temple dedicated to the goddess Feronia together with an Italic necropolis at Colle Fiorano and Farina-Cardito show that the area was already inhabited in the VI century B.
C In ancient Roman religion, Feronia was a goddess broadly associated with fertility and abundance. The town became a Norman county in and was conquered by Conrad of Anjou in , followed by a succession of powerful families until In the early Middle Ages, it became known by the name of Castrum Laureti. Thomas the Aquinas the Dominican monk who lived in , whose family ruled over the town, and houses the magnificent Universal Judgement.
From the 13th century onwards, the fortifications became a noble residence and passed through various owners until the Chiola family purchased and renovated it from to , thus saving it from ruin. It is the most complete collection from the 17th to the 19th century AD, when the ceramics produced by the famous Grue brothers and the Gentili family were in great demand in courts across Europe. The Casamarte Antiquarium hosts a piece collection of stone, ceramics and metal from the Paleolithic period to the Middle Ages, all dug up locally.
The economy of Loreto Aprutino has always been linked to the production of fine olive oil and two institutions preserve the memory of millenary rites and traditions belonging to the whole community. The Regional Oil Centre collects all the best oil regional productions, with a special room for professional tasting.
The Feast is celebrated on Whitsunday and Monday with a procession. This was for a huge bronze doorway, covered in relief sculpture illustrating Dante's Divine Comedy, for a proposed new Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris. Rodin decided to confine his choice of subjects to Hell, the first part of the Divine Comedy, and the doorway became known as 'The Gates of Hell'. From about Rodin poured energy and inspiration into this project and although the museum was never built and 'The Gates of Hell' never definitively completed, they remained a repository of ideas for the artist and are the source of some of his best known individual works.
The group of 'The Kiss' first appears in the third of Rodin's early small clay models for 'The Gates of Hell', together with only two other recognisable groups. One of these, the figure now known as 'The Thinker', was originally intended to represent Dante himself, the other, a man holding a dead youth his son in his arms, represents a character from Hell called Ugolino. The three groups are arranged in a triangle, with 'The Thinker' at the top over the doors and the other two opposite each other, on the left and right-hand panels of the doors.
The gateway was later to become populated with hundreds of figures, but these three clearly had a fundamental symbolic significance for Rodin, representing sexual love, parenthood and death, and intellectual activity and creation. There is no doubt that in 'The Kiss' Rodin invented one of the great images in art of human sexual love, whose power derives from its beautifully judged balance between a high degree of idealisation in the depiction of the bodies of the couple and the equally high degree of eroticism with which Rodin has nevertheless succeeded in imbuing the work.
The erotic edge of 'The Kiss' is sharpened when its subject from Dante is known. The couple are Paolo Malatesta and Francesca da Rimini. Francesca was married to Paolo's brother but fell in love with Paolo, himself a married man. They were discovered and murdered by Francesca's outraged husband. In Dante, Francesca recounts how she and Paolo were first moved to physical passion by reading together the Arthurian legend of Lancelot - when they read of Lancelot's first embrace of Queen Guinevere they could resist each other no longer.
This is the moment that Rodin has depicted. In the sculpture the book can just be made out still clutched in the surprised Paolo's left hand. Rodin made the first separate version of 'The Kiss' in , a half-life size bronze, and in was commissioned by the French state to produce a version in marble on a scale larger than life. This was finally completed and exhibited in Paris in , and is now in the Mus? Another marble version is in the Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen and a fourth, produced after Rodin's death, is in the Rodin Museum in Philadelphia, U.
Rodin used a studio system for the production of his marbles. They were carved by professional marble sculptors under his supervision with finishing touches by the master. Simon Wilson, Tate Gallery: Pinnacle Hill itself is the site of two possible Bronze age round barrows. The Malvern Hills run approximately 13 kilometres 8. The Malvern Hills are a range of hills in the English counties of Worcestershire, Herefordshire and a small area of northern Gloucestershire, dominating the surrounding countryside and the towns and villages of the district of Malvern.
The highest summit of the hills affords a panorama of the Severn valley with the hills of Herefordshire and the Welsh mountains, parts of thirteen counties, the Bristol Channel, and the cathedrals of Worcester, Gloucester and Hereford. The name Malvern is probably derived from the ancient British moel-bryn, meaning "Bare-Hill", the nearest modern equivalent being the Welsh moelfryn bald hill. It has been known as Malferna 11th century , Malverne 12th century , and Much Malvern 16—17th century.
Jabez Allies, a 19th Century antiquarian from Worcestershire speculated that 'vern' was derived from the British words 'Sarn' or 'Varn' meaning pavement or seat of judgement. They are known for their spring water — initially made famous by the region's many holy wells, and later through the development of the 19th century spa town of Great Malvern, a process which culminated in the production of the modern bottled Malvern Water. The SSSI notification has 26 units of assessment which cover grassland, woodland and geological sites. Management of the hills is the responsibility of the Malvern Hills Conservators.
Flint axes, arrowheads, and flakes found in the area are attributed to early Bronze Age settlers, and the 'Shire Ditch', a late Bronze Age boundary earthwork possibly dating from around BC, was constructed along part of the crest of the hills near the site of later settlements. The Wyche Cutting, a mountain pass through the hills was in use in prehistoric times as part of the salt route from Droitwich to South Wales. Ancient folklore has it that the British chieftain Caractacus made his last stand against the Romans at the British Camp, a site of extensive Iron Age earthworks on a summit of the Malvern Hills close to where Malvern was to be later established.
Tolkien found inspiration in the Malvern landscape which he had viewed from his childhood home in Birmingham and his brother Hilary's home near Evesham. He was introduced to the area by C. Sayer had been a student of Lewis, and became his biographer, and together with them Tolkien would walk the Malvern Hills.
The recordings were later issued on long-playing gramophone records. In the liner notes for J. American film actress Barbara Payton was a blue-eyed, peroxide blonde sexpot, less known for her films than for her stormy social life and eventual battles with alcohol and drug addiction. Her tale is one of the saddest ever to come out of Hollywood. Both of Payton's parents had long-standing problems with alcohol. As Payton was growing into maturity her good looks were also blossoming which garnered her attention.
She was known as a lively girl, willing to please and she learned early in life that she had a potent effect on the opposite sex. In November , the then sixteen-year-old eloped with her high school boyfriend William Hodge. The marriage seemingly amounted to nothing more than an act of impulsive, teen-age rebellion, and Payton did not fight her parent's insistence that the marriage be annulled. A few months later, she quit high school. In , she met her second husband, a decorated combat pilot named John Payton, who at the time was stationed at Midland Air Base. It was still early in their marriage that Barbara, restless and feeling confined by her life as a housewife, expressed a desire to pursue a modelling or acting career.
Payton officially launched her modelling path by hiring the services of a local photographer who shot photos of her sporting fashionable outfits. This portfolio attracted the favourable attention of a clothing designer, Saba of California, who signed her to a contract modelling a line of junior fashion. Her career progressed and in September , the Rita La Roy Agency in Hollywood took her on as a client and brought her more work as a model in print advertising; notably in catalogues for Studebaker cars.
She also appeared in clothing ads for such magazines as Charm and Junior Bazaar. During this period in her life, the couple welcomed their son, John Lee, who was born in February Payton managed to combine the responsibilities of wife, new mother and professional model, yet the strains on the Payton marriage finally reached the breaking point and Barbara and her husband separated in She takes an apartment in Hollywood with her infant son, with whom she is very close.
Her notoriety as a luminous, fun loving party girl in the Hollywood club scene ignited the attention of William Goetz, an executive of Universal Studios. Payton first gained notice as a drop-dead gorgeous young woman in the film noir Trapped Richard Fleischer, , co-starring Lloyd Bridges. She was not chosen and the part of the sultry mistress of a mob connected lawyer went to Marilyn Monroe. William Cagney was so smitten with Payton's sensual appeal and beauty that her contract was drawn as a joint agreement between William Cagney Productions and Warner Bros.
For a relative newcomer, in Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye, Payton more than managed to hold her own among a cast of Hollywood veterans and alongside a super-star like Cagney himself. Her acting skills were recognized and her significant screen charisma widely acknowledged. Caught up in the glitz and glamour, Barbara Payton's career had started taking second place to a reckless life full of capricious romances involving a number of top stars and producers, many of them married.
In , she had a six month affair with Bob Hope in which he paid for her to live in a luxurious apartment. The affair ended when she began making demands for more money. Her screen appearances opposite Gary Cooper in Dallas Stuart Heisler, , and Gregory Peck in Only the Valiant Gordon Douglas, , both Westerns, were lacklustre productions where her roles were no more than window dressing for the hero and did little to highlight her skills as an actress. Payton's career decline began with the horror film Bride of the Gorilla Curt Siodmak, , co-starring Raymond Burr.
However, her slightly lurid appeal still seemed to be enough to carry her through Tinseltown. In addition to her first two marriages Payton was married two more times. In , she had met classy 'A' actor Franchot Tone and the two were later engaged. She was the subject of a spread in Confidential Magazine when Tone allegedly caught her in bed with Guy Madison. In , while engaged to Tone, Payton began also having an affair with muscular B-movie actor Tom Neal, and she also proposed marriage to him.
She allowed him to move into her apartment, which Tone was paying the rent for. She kicked him out when Tone returned from out of town. She went back and forth publicly between Neal and Tone. On 14 September , Neal, a former college boxer, physically attacked Tone at Payton's apartment leaving him in an hour coma with a smashed cheekbone, broken nose and concussion. Barbara ended up with both a black eye and a tarnished reputation. Payton and Tone, who was still recovering from his injuries, were married in in Payton's hometown of Cloquet, Minnesota.
However, after being married, Tone discovered that she had continued her relations with the violence-prone Neal and Tone was subsequently granted a divorce in When Franchot Tone decided to divorce her, he had a private detective take pictures of her having sex with other men. He then sent the photos to all the major Hollywood studios, hoping they would ruin her career. Payton and Neal capitalized on the notorious press coverage by touring in plays such as The Postman Always Rings Twice, based on the popular film of the same name. In May , Payton announced that she and Neal were to be married that summer in Paris.
The couple broke up the following year. Barbara Payton's hard drinking and hard living ultimately destroyed her both physically and emotionally. Gary Brumburgh at IMDb: Her once beautiful face now blotchy and her once spectacular figure now bloated, Barbara sank deeper into the bottle. Linda Rasmussen at AllMovie: Ulmer uses flashbacks and elliptical editing to good effect, but the film lacks any strong visual or narrative center.
Barbara Peyton delivers a great performance as the ambiguous, mysterious femme-fatale. While still of some interest, Murder is My Beat lacks the power and grim vision of Ulmer's bleak gem, Detour. They divorced in August In March she lost custody of her son John Lee Jr. From then on, her growing alcoholism and drug abuse led to multiple skirmishes with the law, including an arrest for the passing of bad checks. In , Payton was arrested for prostitution when she propositioned an undercover cop in a Sunset Boulevard bar. Later that year, she was stabbed by a drunk and received 38 stitches to heal the wound.
She didn't want to be paid in cash or check, but asked for payment in red wine because there were claims on her cash. The book included unflattering photographs of Payton and admissions that she had been forced to sleep on bus benches and suffered regular beatings as a prostitute. In , she was arrested and charged with possession of heroin and a hypodermic syringe.
In , ill and after failed efforts to curb her drinking, Barbara Payton moved back to San Diego, California, to live with her parents. Several weeks later, the year-old former starlet was found there on the bathroom floor - dead of heart and liver failure. Her son, John Lee Payton Jr. Her life has been the subject of several books including Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye: A day to morn the loss and celebrate the life of a soul music legend, Nick Ashford.
A gift like Mr. Ashford is an unusual find, thank God for giving him to us to create some wonderful times and enduring memories through music! Ashford, 70, died Aug. The duo was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in Early in their career, Mr. Ashford primarily wrote lyrics while Simpson composed the music at a piano. Ashford told The Washington Post in Valerie might hear me singing and try to catch up on the piano. But then I might hear her playing and come with an idea.
Two years later, she recorded a solo version that became her first No. Nick and Valerie have been my good-luck charm. Motown founder Berry Gordy objected when the songwriting duo wanted to branch out and pursue a performing career. Ashford grew up in Willow Run, Mich. He briefly attended Eastern Michigan University before moving to New York to pursue a career as a dancer. He slept on park benches and had been homeless for several months when he met Simpson at a Harlem church. They soon teamed up to write gospel tunes before turning to love songs. Ashford told the New York Times in Love lifts me up.
The couple married in In addition to his wife, of New York, survivors include two daughters, his mother and two brothers. Ashford told the Ann Arbor Mich. It was so big with so many people. I looked up and the tall buildings were mountains. Jiufen, also spelled Jioufen or Chiufen Chinese: During the first years of the Qing Dynasty, the isolated village housed nine families, thus the village would request "nine portions" every time shipments arrived from town.
Later Kau-hun meaning "nine portions" in Hokkien would become the name of the village. Despite the earliest reference to the production of gold in the island dating to ,[1] and multiple rediscoveries by early inhabitants, visiting Japanese, Dutch occupiers, and Koxinga's retainers, awareness of the wealth of Taiwan's gold districts did not develop until the late Qing era. In , workmen discovered flakes of gold while constructing the new Taipeh-Kelung railway,[2] and in a rich placer district was discovered in the hills of Kau-hun that produced several kilograms[a] of gold a day.
In the next year, the promise became greater than ever after a Chinese "expert" with experience gained in California found gold-bearing quartz in the said hills. The resulting gold rush hastened the village's development into a town, and reached its peak during the Japanese era. Davidson wrote, "Kyu-fun [Kau-hun] is as odd looking a settlement as one could find. Some appear to be partially telescoped in adjoining buildings, other standing above as though unable to force their way to the group, and each structure seems to be making a silent appeal to its neighbor to move over.
Many present features of Jiufen reflect the era under Japanese colonization, with many Japanese inns surviving to this day. Gold mining activities declined after World War II, and the mine was shut off in Jiufen quickly went into decline, and for a while the town was mostly forgotten. In , Hou Hsiao-hsien's A City of Sadness, the first film to touch on the February 28 Incident, then a taboo subject in Taiwan, became a big hit in the theatres.
As a result, Jiufen, where the film was set, revived due to the film's popularity. The nostalgic scenery of Jiufen as seen in the film, as well as appearances in other media, charmed many people into visiting Jiufen. For the beginning of the s, Jiufen experienced a tourist boom that has shaped the town as a tourist attraction. Jiufen also became popular in due to its resemblance to the downtown in the anime movie Spirited Away.
Jiufen soon attracted Japanese tourists. Many Japanese travel magazines and guide books about Taiwan introduced Jiufen. It became a must visit place among Japanese tourists. However, Miyazaki himself denied that Jiufen was the model city of the movie. At present, Jiufen is a renowned tourist attraction representative of Taiwan. It draws many tourists from Taipei during the weekends. As Jiufen is a mountain town, the roads that lead there are mostly steep, curving, narrow, and possibly dangerous. Taiwan is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations.
The island of Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa, was inhabited by aborigines before the 17th century, when Dutch and Spanish colonies opened the island to mass Han immigration. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the last dynasty of China.
In the early s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, creating a stable industrial economy. In the s and early s, it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with a semi-presidential system. Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world, and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy.
It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, healthcare,[16] public education, economic freedom, and human development. Today, 20 countries maintain official ties with the ROC but many other states maintain unofficial ties through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates. Although Taiwan is fully self-governing, most international organizations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only as a non-state actor.
Internally, the major division in politics is between the aspirations of eventual Chinese unification or Taiwanese independence, though both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal. The PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible. There are various names for the island of Taiwan in use today, derived from explorers or rulers by each particular period.
In the early 17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a commercial post at Fort Zeelandia modern-day Anping, Tainan on a coastal sandbar called "Tayouan",[25] after their ethnonym for a nearby Taiwanese aboriginal tribe, written by the Dutch and Portuguese variously as Taiouwang, Tayowan, Teijoan, etc. The area of modern-day Tainan was the first permanent settlement by Western colonists and Chinese immigrants, grew to be the most important trading centre, and served as the capital of the island until Through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as "Taiwan".
The name also appears in the Book of Sui and other early works, but scholars cannot agree on whether these references are to the Ryukyus, Taiwan or even Luzon. The official name of the state is the "Republic of China"; it has also been known under various names throughout its existence. For instance, it is the name under which it has competed at the Olympic Games since , and its name as an observer at the World Health Organization.
Taiwan was joined to the mainland in the Late Pleistocene, until sea levels rose about 10, years ago. Fragmentary human remains dated 20, to 30, years ago have been found on the island, as well as later artefacts of a Paleolithic culture. Around 6, years ago, Taiwan was settled by farmers, most likely from mainland China.
This has led linguists to propose Taiwan as the urheimat of the family, from which seafaring peoples dispersed across Southeast Asia and the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Han Chinese fishermen began settling in the Penghu islands in the 13th century. The Dutch East India Company attempted to establish a trading outpost on the Penghu Islands Pescadores in , but were militarily defeated and driven off by the Ming authorities. In , the company established a stronghold called Fort Zeelandia on the coastal islet of Tayouan, which is now part of the main island at Anping, Tainan.
Some of these fell under Dutch control, while others remained independent. In , the Spanish Empire landed on and occupied northern Taiwan, at the ports of Keelung and Tamsui, as a base to extend their trading. This colonial period lasted 16 years until , when the last Spanish fortress fell to Dutch forces. Following the fall of the Ming dynasty, Koxinga Zheng Chenggong , a self-styled Ming loyalist, arrived on the island and captured Fort Zeelandia in , expelling the Dutch Empire and military from the island.
Koxinga established the Kingdom of Tungning — , with his capital at Tainan. He and his heirs, Zheng Jing, who ruled from to , and Zheng Keshuang, who ruled less than a year, continued to launch raids on the southeast coast of mainland China well into the Qing dynasty era. In , following the defeat of Koxinga's grandson by an armada led by Admiral Shi Lang of southern Fujian, the Qing dynasty formally annexed Taiwan, placing it under the jurisdiction of Fujian province.
The Qing imperial government tried to reduce piracy and vagrancy in the area, issuing a series of edicts to manage immigration and respect aboriginal land rights. Immigrants mostly from southern Fujian continued to enter Taiwan. The border between taxpaying lands and "savage" lands shifted eastward, with some aborigines becoming sinicized while others retreated into the mountains. During this time, there were a number of conflicts between groups of Han Chinese from different regions of southern Fujian, particularly between those from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, and between southern Fujian Chinese and aborigines.
The French occupied Keelung on 1 October , but were repulsed from Tamsui a few days later. The French won some tactical victories but were unable to exploit them, and the Keelung Campaign ended in stalemate. The Pescadores Campaign, beginning on 31 March , was a French victory, but had no long-term consequences.
The French evacuated both Keelung and the Penghu archipelago after the end of the war. This was accompanied by a modernization drive that included building China's first railroad. Japanese colonial soldiers march Taiwanese captured after the Tapani Incident from the Tainan jail to court, Inhabitants on Taiwan and Penghu wishing to remain Qing subjects were given a two-year grace period to sell their property and move to mainland China.
Very few Taiwanese saw this as feasible. Japanese forces entered the capital at Tainan and quelled this resistance on 21 October Japanese colonial rule was instrumental in the industrialization of the island, extending the railroads and other transportation networks, building an extensive sanitation system, and establishing a formal education system.
By , Taiwan was the seventh greatest sugar producer in the world. After suppressing Chinese guerrillas in the first decade of their rule, Japanese authorities engaged in a series of bloody campaigns against the mountain aboriginals, culminating in the Musha Incident of Around , the Japanese began an island-wide assimilation project to bind the island more firmly to the Japanese Empire and people were taught to see themselves as Japanese under the Kominka Movement, during which time Taiwanese culture and religion were outlawed and the citizens were encouraged to adopt Japanese surnames. The Imperial Japanese Navy operated heavily out of Taiwanese ports.
Important Japanese military bases and industrial centres throughout Taiwan, like Kaohsiung, were targets of heavy American bombings. In , there were , Japanese settlers in Taiwan. Chen Yi proclaimed that day to be "Taiwan Retrocession Day", but the Allies considered Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to be under military occupation and still under Japanese sovereignty until , when the Treaty of San Francisco took effect. This introduced the problem of the legal status of Taiwan. The ROC administration of Taiwan under Chen Yi was strained by increasing tensions between Taiwanese-born people and newly arrived mainlanders, which were compounded by economic woes, such as hyperinflation.
Martial law, declared on Taiwan in May ,[75] continued to be in effect after the central government relocated to Taiwan. It was not repealed until ,[75] and was used as a way to suppress the political opposition in the intervening years. Since these people were mainly from the intellectual and social elite, an entire generation of political and social leaders was decimated. In law was passed to create the "Compensation Foundation for Improper Verdicts" which oversaw compensation to White Terror victims and families.
President Ma Ying-jeou made an official apology in , expressing hope that there will never be a tragedy similar to White Terror.
Neither treaty specified to whom sovereignty over the islands should be transferred, because the United States and the United Kingdom disagreed on whether the ROC or the PRC was the legitimate government of China. Eisenhower waved to crowds during his visit to Taipei in June As the Chinese Civil War continued without truce, the government built up military fortifications throughout Taiwan.
The two sides would continue to engage in sporadic military clashes with seldom publicized details well into the s on the China coastal islands with an unknown number of night raids. During the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis in September , Taiwan's landscape saw Nike-Hercules missile batteries added, with the formation of the 1st Missile Battalion Chinese Army that would not be deactivated until Newer generations of missile batteries have since replaced the Nike Hercules systems throughout the island.
During the s and s, the ROC maintained an authoritarian, single-party government while its economy became industrialized and technology oriented. This rapid economic growth, known as the Taiwan Miracle, was the result of a fiscal regime independent from mainland China and backed up, among others, by the support of US funds and demand for Taiwanese products. Up until the s, the government was regarded by Western critics as undemocratic for upholding martial law, for severely repressing any political opposition and for controlling media.
Thus, competitive democratic elections did not exist. In , a pro-democracy protest known as the Kaohsiung Incident took place in Kaohsiung to celebrate Human Rights Day. Although the protest was rapidly crushed by the authorities, it is today considered as the main event that united Taiwan's opposition. Chiang Ching-kuo, Chiang Kai-shek's son and successor as the president, began to liberalize the political system in the mids. In , the younger Chiang selected Lee Teng-hui, a Taiwanese-born, US-educated technocrat, to be his vice-president. A year later, Chiang Ching-kuo lifted martial law on the main island of Taiwan martial law was lifted on Penghu in , Matsu island in and Kinmen island in With the advent of democratization, the issue of the political status of Taiwan gradually resurfaced as a controversial issue where, previously, the discussion of anything other than unification under the ROC was taboo.
Lee continued to democratize the government and decrease the concentration of government authority in the hands of mainland Chinese. Under Lee, Taiwan underwent a process of localization in which Taiwanese culture and history were promoted over a pan-China viewpoint in contrast to earlier KMT policies which had promoted a Chinese identity. Lee's reforms included printing banknotes from the Central Bank rather than the Provincial Bank of Taiwan, and streamlining the Taiwan Provincial Government with most of its functions transferred to the Executive Yuan.
The previously nominal representation in the Legislative Yuan was brought to an end, reflecting the reality that the ROC had no jurisdiction over mainland China, and vice versa. Restrictions on the use of Taiwanese Hokkien in the broadcast media and in schools were also lifted. Democratic reforms continued in the s, with Lee Teng-hui re-elected in , in the first direct presidential election in the history of the ROC.
In ,"To meet the requisites of the nation prior to national unification",[92] the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China was passed and then the former "constitution of five powers" turns to be more tripartite. Polarized politics has emerged in Taiwan with the formation of the Pan-Blue Coalition of parties led by the KMT, favouring eventual Chinese reunification, and the Pan-Green Coalition of parties led by the DPP, favouring an eventual and official declaration of Taiwanese independence.
No budget will be ear-marked for it and its personnel must return to their original posts The National Unification Guidelines will cease to apply. The ruling DPP has traditionally leaned in favour of Taiwan independence and rejects the so-called "One-China policy". On 30 September , the ruling DPP approved a resolution asserting a separate identity from China and called for the enactment of a new constitution for a "normal country".
It also called for general use of "Taiwan" as the country's name, without abolishing its formal name, the Republic of China. The KMT increased its majority in the Legislative Yuan in the January legislative elections, while its nominee Ma Ying-jeou went on to win the presidency in March of the same year, campaigning on a platform of increased economic growth and better ties with the PRC under a policy of "mutual nondenial". Part of the rationale for campaigning for closer economic ties with the PRC stems from the strong economic growth China attained since joining the World Trade Organization.
However, some analysts say that despite the election of Ma Ying-jeou, the diplomatic and military tensions with the PRC have not been reduced. A misty day at Kyle of Lochalsh on 18th September D waits to depart with a service for Inverness. New in October , it was withdrawn as Class 26 No. The loco survives in preservation on the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway. Sie wurde um als Wehrgang gebaut und verbindet die durch die Reuss getrennte Alt- und Neustadt "mindere Stadt". Der Turm diente wechselweise als Wachturm und Eckpfeiler der Stadtbefestigung als Teil der ebenfalls noch erhaltenen Museggmauer , als Stadtarchiv und Schatzkammer sowie als Kerker und Folterkammer.
Heute beherbergt er einen Souvenirladen sowie das Vereinslokal des Artillerievereins Luzern. The Phoney War was now over and the real war was raging in earnest. With more and more local government controls, the Union Offices in Stanley Road were abandoned for more spacious accommodation in Warmley House. Power and fuel rationing were organised from the home of Ernest Williams at 10 Station Road, but food rationing still came from Stanley Road.
All the scrap metal was collected, old vehicles, metal fences and even the First World War field gun was taken away for the war effort, saucepans were turned into Spitfires! The second year of the War saw the heaviest bombing in the area. The Magnal Works drew special attention from the Germans, although only incendiary bombs were dropped.
During one raid Ernest Williams had gone down to see the damage to Magnals. He later explained, 'I couldnt miss that, it was just like fairy land with all the incendiaries blazing away. Kingswood was also targeted that night, one young lad exclaimed, 'Its terrible, the whole of Kingswood is on fire! Had the bomb been forty yards to the west it would have hit the crowded cinema perhaps killing hundreds. Warmley and Siston were directly under the flight path of the Luftwaffe on its horrific raids on Filtons airplane factories.
In September the people of this area were treated to the spectacle of one of the fiercest dog fights over Bristol as nine Hawker Hurricanes of Squadron, RAF. As the retreating pilots passed overhead for the second time that day the area was lucky not to have the remaining contents of the bomb bays emptied here so that the fleeing planes could make better progress on their way back home.
If the death and destruction of the war were not enough, everyday tragedies were still occurring. In June of this year Ernest Stone, aged only 10, was swimming in the quarry pools near the brickyard on London Road. The day had been hot and the water looked inviting but the sides of the quarry were steep and just below the surface the water was icy cold. Ernest soon found himself in great difficulty and in no time was sucked under and drowned. Queen Mary had moved out of London, and was staying with the Duke of Beaufort at his estate at Badminton for the duration of the war.
The Queen made several good-will tours of Carsons Factory and to Douglas Works in Kingswood, to boost the moral of the local workforce. During the Blitz of Bristol in and , every single fire fighter was called out to assist. Captain Knee and the rest of the Warmley A. After the bombing of Pearl Harbour, the Americans were dragged into the War. Just over the Siston border, opposite Fisher Road, the Americans set up a military camp.
This was the first time many local people from this area had seen a real Yankee rather than the actor on the silver screen. When the Americans ventured out for an evenings entertainment it was a great novelty, especially for the girls, to see them in the local public houses. The camp was set up by a black labour unit and these dark skinned G. A little later, the U. In this unit was involved in the D Day landings and a large number of the men lost their lives. Meanwhile, the Home Guard, part of the 6th Gloucestershire Battalion, were becoming a co-ordinated fighting unit.
The most dangerous period had passed. Had the Germans landed in force in or the Home Guard would have had little chance to repulse them as they were lacking good weapons and training. Weekend manoeuvres and night exercises all helped and on many evenings, the Warmley Home Guard would find themselves attacking units from the surrounding villages, training for the real thing.
On 15th December, the Vicar of St. Barnabas, the Reverend Hen John Say, passed away aged Just prior to his death, and as a mark of appreciation for his long and faithful service to the Diocese of Bristol, The Reverend Say was made an Honorary Canon of Bristol Cathedral. In his memory, his sister and fellow parishioners placed a beautiful stained glass window in the south east nave of the St. Barnabas Church where he had served for seventeen years. In his Will, Canon Say had left pounds toward the construction of a Church Hall for the Church and its parishioners.
Another five years passed before the hall was built, which gave an enormous boost to the social life of the Church and proved to be a tremendous asset to the School as an assembly hall and home to the local Scouts. The role of the Vicar of St. Barnabas was filled with the arrival of The Reverend R. During his incumbency the Church, which by now was nearly a hundred years old, was in need of many expensive repairs to its roof and other structures. Large sums were raised to fulfill these needs as well as completing other projects. In the summer of , strange accents and foreign languages were heard in the locality.
The Italians were given non-political status and as such were considered harmless. Only a handful of guards were needed and during the evening after a hard days work, the P. It was not an uncommon sight to see several men in their chocolate coloured uniforms strolling the nearby lanes or hear them singing at the tops of their voices in perfect harmony. The end of the war was now inevitable, it was only a matter of time. On 9th May, Hitler was dead and Germany had capitulated. There was great excitement and many street parties were organised to celebrate the end of the war in Europe.
But the war in the far east was still raging and it wasnt until Victory over Japan V. Day that the people really let their hair down. The lights were finally turned back on, illuminating the shops and houses surrounding the Memorial Park. There was dancing in the streets and everyone was singing and laughing. An impromptu party began with the musical accompaniment of the 'Warmley Wonders' Clive and Terry Whittock.
Soon after, trestle tables and chairs were arranged in the Park in several rows and all the children of the district were given a picnic and party, the like of which had never been seen before. All the stops were pulled out to give the kids a day they would never forget. It was not all joy in this year, there was a price to pay for victory, another eight names had to be added to the list of heroes from our district who made the supreme sacrifice.
Only one or two people in each century stand out in local memory. At the tail end of the 19th century, and for nearly half of the 20th century, John Lloyd Vaughan Seymour-Williams could be described as the man who put Warmley firmly on the map. Born in and educated in Bath, he later joined the firm of solicitors under Mr.
He was a very energetic and enterprising man, involving himself in many forward looking ventures which were to benefit the area. He was also on the Council of the Coroners Society and he represented this area as the Coroner of the Lower Division of Gloucestershire. He was responsible for guiding these bodies for forty-eight years. Sir John lived for many years in the Old Lodge opposite Warmley House and after his death on the 24th January , his widow, Lady Williams, then of the Old Rectory, Siston, made the gift of a splendid pair of gates for St.
Barnabas Church, in his memory. In the post war years, there was an air of optimism, which been kindled by the solidarity shown through the darkest days of the Second World War. Its first President was the headmaster of the school from to , Mr. Its aims were to promote and maintain cultural, social and recreational activities amongst the members of the association.
In the early days, the organisation flourished and the first year ended with a carnival on Siston Common. Money was raised, some of which went to a special prize to be presented at the School Prize-giving for the child with the best character. The early days were the high days and this organisation, that had such potential, eventually faded away and was disbanded in To commemorate the fallen of the Great War, the people of the district marked the occasion with the erection of the stone column and the laying out of Warmley Green as a Memorial Park.
A suitable tribute to the men lost in the Second World War was needed and even before that war was concluded plans were afoot to establish a hall in the community in remembrance of these men. After three years of planning and fund raising, the Warmley War Memorial Hall and Community Centre was eventually opened.
Since that time, the centre has played a predominant role in the social life of the whole community. In the early years organisations like the Townswomens Guild and the Womens Institute would meet at the centre. There were whist drives and beetle drives and childrens Christmas parties. The centre also held baby shows and carnivals on the adjoining field as well as sports days and bonfires.
Theatre groups, Christmas pantomimes and flower shows have all enlightened and enlivened the community. All of these activities have made the building alive. It wasnt just a centre for activities but a centre for the whole community The Community Centre. From the very beginning, the committee with its first Chairman, Bill Bowler, has striven to enrich the lives of the community and this great work has been built upon by later committees and chairmen, namely Alan Chubb, R.
It must be with much pride that these first far-sighted and community minded men look back to see that after nearly fifty years something very positive was formed from an event that for many was so tragic. Following the the much deserved retirement of P. Charlie Gowing his well worn boots were filled by a succession of P. As time went by the old police house in Tower Road was proving unsuitable and by the Late s, when money became available, a purpose built police station with accommodation was built. This was on the corner of Crown Gardens. It was from here that P. Stan Wheeler and his family continued to serve the community until his retirement in when he, in turn, was succeeded by Doug Hardiman.
On the 14th October, Warmley C. School had received the news that it had been granted controlled status by the Ministry of Education. This led the way to great reorganisation and improvements at the school. Evans a Welshman appointed as its first headmaster. On the 19th August, the news came of the death of Fred Brain.
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Walter Brain built a massive flour mill, conveniently situated next to the railway sidings in Chapel Lane, Warmley, employing his sons to run the business. The trademark was the Camden sign and the product was used in making extra fine quality bread as well as cattle, pig and poultry rations.
Later the firm was controlled by the brothers. Alex Brain was the travelling representative and Fred Brain took control at the mill. From the front of the House he could look across the valley to the red bricked mill standing high against the skyline. Throughout his life Fred Brain was a prominent patron of St.
Barnabas Church and continued to use the grounds and grottoes of Warmley House as a venue for garden parties and other events to raise funds for the Church. Fred served as choirmaster at the Church but his great love was playing the organ which he did with passion for 28 years. When the instrument was due for an expensive overhaul, it was Fred who contributed a great deal to the cost.
Another stalwart of the community, who should not be forgotten, was Mr. Joseph Daniel Clark died on the 18th January and throughout his life worked hard to improve the lot of others. Joe was elected to the Siston Parish Council in its sixteenth year , the following year achieving the position of Vice-Chairman. In , the Warmley and District Allotments Ltd.
The aim of the organisation was to provide seed and agricultural implements for the surrounding farmers and other land users. In , Joe became the Chairman of Siston Parish Council, a position he held for a further sixteen years and then, after a short break, he returned to the Chair from until his death in Joseph Clark will perhaps be best remembered for his contribution and efforts as a leading member of the team who set up the War Memorial Hall and Community Centre.
This year marked the Festival of Britain and will always be remembered for the return of the famous poet, Minnie Haskins, to Warmley House, her childhood home. At this date Joseph Haskins was still trading as a grocer and living in Warmley Hill. Minnie was a very energetic member of the Warmley Congregational Chapel and by the end of the century was a Sunday School teacher, leader of the Womens Bible Class and also a founder of the Christian Endeavour Group.
In she published a number of her own poems in a small booklet entitled 'The Desert'. This was to raise funds for missionary work in India. Amongst the many poems was one entitled 'God Knows', which was written in the Balcony Room of Warmley House and inspired by a gloomy vision she had one cold and misty night whilst looking down the drive of the house. For the next thirty years, the poem remained almost unknown but in the words were printed as a private Christmas card, a copy of which was sent to King George VI.
The following Christmas the Empire was at war and in its darkest hour, the King found these words comforting. It was with this verse that he ended his Christmas broadcast. But who wrote this work? No one seemed to know. After much searching it was eventually revealed that the author was none other than Miss Minnie Haskins, by then a retired lecturer living in Sussex. In , at the age of 75, Minnie returned once more, at the invitation of Warmley R. She unveiled a plaque on the entrance porch to commemorate the visit and recalled her long lost youth in the house and grounds where she loved to think and play.
In , when the King was buried in the Royal Mausoleum at Windsor, a stained-glass window was installed in memory of him. At the foot of it were the words of Miss Haskins that he had quoted in Warmley School re-opened after its Christmas break as a primary school catering for infants and juniors.
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This was a period of great hope and enterprise for the old Victorian school and by September , with a need to strengthen links between the school and home, the Warmley Parent-Teacher Association was formed. In Warmley was one of the first Primary Schools in the country to have its own television set and many other items were to be presented to the school, courtesy of the P. It was not all work though, as social activities were also arranged with educational trips to the theatre, coach outings to places of interest, usually using the services of John Sparkes Coaches of Warmley and often returning via an historic inn!
The high-lights of the school year, besides the Christmas concert, sports day and prize giving, were the social evenings and the summer fair, as these were the main source of revenue. The fairs, a cross between a carnival and a car boot sale, were held on the tennis court if dry or in the church hail if wet and were enjoyed by the stall holders and public alike. A, was chaired by the Headmaster, Mr. Wintle, and presided over by the Prebendary, C. It would be difficult to name teachers who have influenced the children of the parish the most, however, three names come up over and over again.
The first is Mr. William Moore, who was head from to whose legacy was the wonderful copper plate handwriting that a generation left school with. The next is Mrs. Myers, known affectionately as 'Mini-Myers'; although she seemed to be very stern, underneath she was very loving and cared for her little flock. The third of this selection has to be Mr.
Arthur had probably worked with more head teachers than any other master. He had many opportunities for promotion but passed them over for the love he had for the school and its pupils. The only way to obtained a headship was to move to another school and that was not for Mr. King George VI died on 6th February and the young Princess Elizabeth was thrown into the role she has performed so well now for over forty years.
The 2nd June was the beginning of the new Elizabethan era for the country and everyone joined in the celebrations. Food rationing was by now almost phased out and Coronation parties were being organised everywhere. At the party all the children were presented with their own coronation mug full of sweets. This was a treat indeed! A grand party was held in the canteen of Kingswood Grammar School, to the delight of all who attended. Siston had its own Coronation Queen when Rachel Willmott was crowned.
There was a huge increase in the sale of television sets this year and for many this was the first opportunity to see 'the magic box'. That wet June day was spent with most of the neighbours watching the flickering black and white images of the Coronation followed in the evening by more celebrations. Mervyn and Bertha Whittock and their sons Clive and Terry have entertained the local community for over forty years. During the second world war the family, who were then living in Stanley Road, were often called upon to entertain both British and American troops.
In one year they performed two hundred shows as well as dinner hour concerts at factories. It was therefore not surprising that they were better known by their stage name of the 'Warmley Wonders'. Clive was the star of the show and had appeared on the same bill as Bing Crosby. He also made broadcasts for the B. Crown Farm has stood for several hundred years on the east side of Tower Road North, Warmley, adjacent to the junction with Station Road. The Jeffrayes in the area greatly upset a Siston parish priest, for in a memorandum of the parish registers for he wrote, 'Ye Jeffrayes and Tukers of Warmley are rogues, whores and thieves and WT not YT is wicked.
Records show members of the Jefferies family were living in Crown Farm into the 19th century. In the early part of that century the property was purchased by George M. Davidson of Warmley House and subsequently was owned by the Haskins family. At one time Crown Farm was divided into several dwellings. In the late 19th century Crown Farm became the venue for the local Council meetings. This continued until when the new council offices in Stanley Road were built.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Luther Hamblin lived at Crown Farm. He was a haulier and would take leather from Avonmouth to the Kingswood boot factories then return with boots for export. Hamblin moved out, Cyril Turner became the tenant of Crown Farm. Farmer Fred Bryant was the last occupier of Crown Farm and after he moved away on Michelmas Day the buildings rapidly deteriorated and became the target of vandalism. The farm was knocked down in and the site left for many years.
Factories now cover the fields and the site is owned by Mardon Son and Hall. The land around Crown Farm which for so many years was used for grazing now produced a very different product. After the reorganisation in the education system in secondary schools were required for children of eleven years and above.
The boys were transferred to High Street, Oldland but it would be several years more before the girls school would be completed. This was officially opened in September with Miss Nicholls as headmistress. The older belonged to George Lacey, built around , and was opposite the flour mill. The second bakery was owned by Percy White and his home and ovens were opposite the Congregational Chapel. For over half a century these two men produced most of the loaves needed for Warmley and Siston, and all around the district. However, the days of the small baker were coming to an end.
In , Christopher Bell Ltd. There was nothing like it this side of Bristol. Bread, cakes and many other kinds of confectionery were produced and were sold in shops all around the region. At this time the customer could have bread delivered daily to his door and scores of the familiar red and white vans could be seen passing to and fro from the factory. The little Chipmunk on top of the vans became the Christopher Bell trade mark.
In the s Rank took control of the bakery and Mothers Pride bread became the main product. Bread is no longer baked at Warmley and the factory serves only as a warehouse for the container loads of bread brought in from the Midlands. Bit by bit all the fields that were once part of Crown Farm have been covered with warehousing or factories. This year saw the opening of another distribution depot for the confectionery trade.
United Biscuits, whose products include Jacobs Biscuits, moved to the lower section of Crown Road, bringing much needed work to the area. The company has had a number of structural changes since the s and the depot at Warmley is now the regional distribution point for the Jacobs Biscuits Group of Companies. Before the decade was over Motorway Tyres and Kraft Products were to set up business here. Many things in life we take for granted and some institutions seem always to have been around. Yet a basic service like the Library has had a relatively short history.
Warmley Community Centre was set up about fifty years earlier as a Reading Room for the people of the area. Books were in short supply and in great demand. About the same time a lending library was in existence in a shop opposite the Kings Arms in Kingswood run by the two daughters of Isaac Green of Stanley Road. Siston and Warmley has never had its own official library but with the growing population in the Warmley district of Parkwall, a purpose built library was planned. Prior to this, boxes of books were allocated and distributed, mainly to schools, from Shire Hall in Gloucester.
As our parish was almost at the southern-most end of the County and Bristol dealt within its own boundary, the selection was extremely limited compared to the wide range of books and activities offered today. Many of us will have heard the above words at some time in our life, written by Minnie Louise Haskins in Much later to become famous by King George VI reading it as part of his first Christmas message to the nation at the start of the second World War. Minnie was born on 12th May to Louisa and Joseph Haskins the eldest of four daughters.
Her father was then trading as a grocer. It was whilst at Warmley House where standing at the upstairs balcony window and looking down the illuminated driveway to the gate that Minnie was inspired to write the words of God Knows which for a while was put away and forgotten. From Minnie studied at the London School of Economics. Gaining a Social Science certificate and distinction, also a diploma in Sociology with distinction in Philosophy in She joined the staff of LSE in Social Science Department becoming a tutor in retiring in reappointed and continued until In she was described as a woman of unusual capacity and character with a rare understanding and sympathy with great love and interest in people Privately Minnie printed her poems and verses The Desert later Through Bed of Stone A Few People her other articles and pieces were mainly on industry.
Minnie was astounded to know her poem was broadcast, although she never heard it herself. The subsequent royalties Minnie donated to charity and by then was living in Sussex. In aged seventy five Minnie returned to Warmley House, which was then owned by Warmley Rural District Council who had purchased it in to unveil a commemorative plaque during the Festival of Britain. This plaque still remains to this day. In King George VI died and was buried at Windsor Castle and at the foot of a stained glass window in his memory are Minnies words the King had quoted in A view from the Kleine Scheidegg.
The name means "minor watershed", even though it is actually higher than the neighbouring Grosse Scheidegg. The pass is traversed by a walking trail and the Wengernalp railway, which both connect the villages of Grindelwald with Lauterbrunnen, passing through Wengen between the pass summit and Lauterbrunnen. In winter, Kleine Scheidegg is the centre of the ski area around Grindelwald and Wengen.
In summer, it is a popular hiking destination, and is one of the passes crossed by the Alpine Pass Route between Sargans and Montreux. The Jungfrau Marathon, a mountain race that takes place every year in early September, ends at Kleine Scheidegg. The Kleine Scheidegg railway station is sited at the summit of the pass. Both railways operate year-round, and any passengers travelling to the Jungfraujoch must change trains at Kleine Scheidegg. The pass is linked to the summit of the Lauberhorn and to Arvengarten, on the approach to the pass from Grindelwald, by chairlifts.
There are also several restaurants and hotels at the summit of the pass, including the historic Hotel Bellevue des Alpes that dates back to Erstere wurde im Jahr fertiggestellt. Im Sommer wurde mit dem Bau der Jungfraubahn begonnen. Erst konnte die ganze, neun Kilometer lange Strecke bis zum Jungfraujoch in Betrieb genommen werden.
Der Tourismus hatte sich aber schon vor dem Bau der Bahnen entwickelt: Seit dem Ende des Zudem bietet sich hier eine gute Einsicht in die Eiger-Nordwand, um Bergsteiger in der Wand mit dem Fernglas zu verfolgen. Am oberhalb der Scheidegg gelegenen Lauberhorn befindet sich der Start des bekannten Lauberhornrennens.
Il Kleine Scheidegg 2. NME New Musical Express published its list of the all time greatest albums this week, based on its poll of roughly 80 critics who work for it. I saw a listing on the internet of the NME top and it's set out below. The stars indicate the albums that would probably make my personal top and the check marks indicate albums I've listened to that don't make my personal top This is in my sweet spot. When a bunch of highly knowledgeable critics decide on the "best ever' I'm going to seek that music out. They've heard more music than I ever have there are records on the list that I've never listened to.
Still, I have some quibbles about the list. The Smiths at 1? I've never understood the appeal of the Smiths. I went back and listened again to "The Queen Is Dead" and found it just as unbearable as ever. Maybe it's a British thing. Second, no Robert Johnson or Hank Williams? I'm betting this is because the list seems to ban compilation albums and Johnson and Williams recorded exclusively as singles artists. But it just seems wrong to claim that the best all time records don't include Hank Williams or Robert Johnson. Third, where are the great British folkies?
I see I'm wrong and that Fairport Convention is at Still, why no Richard Thompson? Fourth, the list seems to ignore most of the world maybe there's a rule saying English language only. But you can't have a list of the best of all time with no Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and not a single album from Brazil. Jiufen, also spelled Jioufen or Chiufen Chinese: During the first years of the Qing Dynasty, the isolated village housed nine families, thus the village would request "nine portions" every time shipments arrived from town. Later Kau-hun meaning "nine portions" in Hokkien would become the name of the village.
Despite the earliest reference to the production of gold in the island dating to ,[1] and multiple rediscoveries by early inhabitants, visiting Japanese, Dutch occupiers, and Koxinga's retainers, awareness of the wealth of Taiwan's gold districts did not develop until the late Qing era.
In , workmen discovered flakes of gold while constructing the new Taipeh-Kelung railway,[2] and in a rich placer district was discovered in the hills of Kau-hun that produced several kilograms[a] of gold a day. In the next year, the promise became greater than ever after a Chinese "expert" with experience gained in California found gold-bearing quartz in the said hills. The resulting gold rush hastened the village's development into a town, and reached its peak during the Japanese era.
Davidson wrote, "Kyu-fun [Kau-hun] is as odd looking a settlement as one could find. Some appear to be partially telescoped in adjoining buildings, other standing above as though unable to force their way to the group, and each structure seems to be making a silent appeal to its neighbor to move over. Many present features of Jiufen reflect the era under Japanese colonization, with many Japanese inns surviving to this day. Gold mining activities declined after World War II, and the mine was shut off in Jiufen quickly went into decline, and for a while the town was mostly forgotten.
In , Hou Hsiao-hsien's A City of Sadness, the first film to touch on the February 28 Incident, then a taboo subject in Taiwan, became a big hit in the theatres. As a result, Jiufen, where the film was set, revived due to the film's popularity. The nostalgic scenery of Jiufen as seen in the film, as well as appearances in other media, charmed many people into visiting Jiufen.
For the beginning of the s, Jiufen experienced a tourist boom that has shaped the town as a tourist attraction. Jiufen also became popular in due to its resemblance to the downtown in the anime movie Spirited Away. Jiufen soon attracted Japanese tourists. Many Japanese travel magazines and guide books about Taiwan introduced Jiufen. It became a must visit place among Japanese tourists.
However, Miyazaki himself denied that Jiufen was the model city of the movie. At present, Jiufen is a renowned tourist attraction representative of Taiwan. It draws many tourists from Taipei during the weekends. As Jiufen is a mountain town, the roads that lead there are mostly steep, curving, narrow, and possibly dangerous. Taiwan is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations. The island of Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa, was inhabited by aborigines before the 17th century, when Dutch and Spanish colonies opened the island to mass Han immigration.
It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, healthcare,[16] public education, economic freedom, and human development. Today, 20 countries maintain official ties with the ROC but many other states maintain unofficial ties through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates. Han Chinese fishermen began settling in the Penghu islands in the 13th century. Furthermore, cultural and linguistic conflicts between the two groups quickly led to the loss of popular support for the new government, while the mass movement led by the working committee of the Communist Party also aimed to bring down the Kuomintang government.
On 24 May , the Constitutional Court ruled that current marriage laws have been violating the Constitution by denying Taiwanese same-sex couples the right to marry. The Court ruled that if the Legislative Yuan does not pass adequate amendments to Taiwanese marriage laws within two years, same-sex marriages will automatically become legitimate in Taiwan.
Taiwan is mostly mountainous in the east, with gently sloping plains in the west. The Penghu Islands are west of the main island. The island of Taiwan has an area of 35, km2 13, sq mi , and lies some kilometres mi from the southeastern coast of mainland China across the Taiwan Strait. Its shape is similar to a sweet potato, giving rise to the name sweet potato used by Taiwanese Hokkien speakers for people of Taiwanese descent. The island is characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds, consisting mostly of rugged mountains running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island, and the flat to gently rolling Chianan Plains in the west that are also home to most of Taiwan's population.
Taiwan's highest point is Yu Shan Jade Mountain at 3, metres 12, ft ,[] making Taiwan the world's fourth-highest island. The Penghu Islands, 50 km More distant islands controlled by the Republic of China are the Kinmen, Wuchiu and Matsu Islands off the coast of Fujian, with a total area of Taiwan lies on the Tropic of Cancer, and its general climate is marine tropical. Typhoons are most common in July, August and September. The island of Taiwan lies in a complex tectonic area between the Yangtze Plate to the west and north, the Okinawa Plate on the north-east, and the Philippine Mobile Belt on the east and south.
The upper part of the crust on the island is primarily made up of a series of terranes, mostly old island arcs which have been forced together by the collision of the forerunners of the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. These have been further uplifted as a result of the detachment of a portion of the Eurasian Plate as it was subducted beneath remnants of the Philippine Sea Plate, a process which left the crust under Taiwan more buoyant.
The east and south of Taiwan are a complex system of belts formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between the North Luzon Trough portion of the Luzon Volcanic Arc and South China, where accreted portions of the Luzon Arc and Luzon forearc form the eastern Coastal Range and parallel inland Longitudinal Valley of Taiwan respectively. The major seismic faults in Taiwan correspond to the various suture zones between the various terranes.
- Devlin and Garrick (Seeking Redemption Book 2);
- .
- .
- The Want of the Heart : Poems of Mirabai.
- Mate Marks 3: Breath.
These have produced major quakes throughout the history of the island. On 21 September , a 7. The political and legal statuses of Taiwan are contentious issues. It has not formally renounced its claim to the mainland, but ROC government publications have increasingly downplayed it. Internationally, there is controversy on whether the ROC still exists as a state or a defunct state per international law due to the lack of wide diplomatic recognition. The political environment is complicated by the potential for military conflict should Taiwan declare de jure independence; it is the official PRC policy to use force to ensure unification if peaceful unification is no longer possible, as stated in its anti-secession law, and for this reason there are substantial military installations on the Fujian coast.
This is an excellent Photography book recently published by this great photographer and flickr friend cicciofarmaco. This book is a collection of the most beautiful pictures of the Etna volcano paroxysmal eruptions of As you can see, Francesco has a natural talent in photography and his work is truly inspirational, so through this book you can live again the most spectacular and fascinating moments of the eruptions of the Etna volcano of Buy this magnificent Photography book easily online through this link Etna, la fucina di Efesto.
It is the second largest active volcano in Europe, currently standing 3, metres 10, ft high, though this varies with summit eruptions; the mountain is 21 m 69 ft lower now than it was in It is the highest mountain in Italy south of the Alps. This makes it by far the largest of the three active volcanoes in Italy, being about two and a half times the height of the next largest, Mount Vesuvius. Only Mount Teide in Tenerife surpasses it in the whole of the European region though geographically Tenerife is an island of Africa.
Mount Etna is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and is in an almost constant state of eruption. The fertile volcanic soils support extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the south. Due to its history of recent activity and nearby population, Mount Etna has been designated a Decade Volcano by the United Nations.
18 september photos on Flickr | Flickr
Volcanic activity at Etna began about half a million years ago, with eruptions occurring beneath the sea off the coastline of Sicily. Eruptions at this time built up the first major volcanic edifice, forming a strato-volcano in alternating explosive and effusive eruptions. The growth of the mountain was occasionally interrupted by major eruptions leading to the collapse of the summit to form calderas. From about 35, to 15, years ago, Etna experienced some highly explosive eruptions, generating large pyroclastic flows which left extensive ignimbrite deposits.
Ash from these eruptions has been found as far away as Rome, km to the north. Thousands of years ago, the eastern flank of the mountain experienced a catastrophic collapse, generating an enormous landslide in an event similar to that seen in the eruption of Mount St. Research published in suggests that this occurred around BC, and caused a huge tsunami which left its mark in several places in the eastern Mediterranean. It may have been the reason that the settlement of Atlit Yam Israel , now below sea level, was suddenly abandoned around that time.
The steep walls of the Valley have suffered subsequent collapse on numerous occasions. The most recent collapse event at the summit of Etna is thought to have occurred about 2, years ago, forming what is known as the Piano Caldera. This caldera has been almost entirely filled by subsequent lava eruptions, but is still visible as a distinct break in the slope of the mountain near the base of the present-day summit cone. Eruptions of Etna are not all the same.
Some occur at the summit, where there are currently as of four distinct craters — the Northeast Crater, the Voragine, the Bocca Nuova, and the Southeast Crater. Other eruptions occur on the flanks, where there are more than vents, ranging in size from small holes in the ground to large craters hundreds of meters across.
Summit eruptions can be highly explosive and are extremely spectacular, but are rarely threatening for the inhabited areas around the volcano. On the contrary, flank eruptions can occur down to a few hundred meters altitude, close to or even well within the populated areas. Numerous villages and small towns lie around or on cones of past flank eruptions.
Since the year A. The Roman poet Virgil gave what was probably a first-hand description of an eruption in the Aeneid:. Now to the realm of light it lifts a cloud Of pitch-black, whirling smoke, and fiery dust, Shooting out globes of flame, with monster tongues That lick the stars; now huge crags of itself, Out of the bowels of the mountain torn, Its maw disgorges, while the molten rock Rolls screaming skyward; from the nether deep The fathomless abyss makes ebb and flow.
A particularly violent explosive Plinian summit eruption occurred in BC, and caused heavy tephra falls to the southeast, including the town of Catania, where many roofs collapsed. To help with reconstruction and dealing with the devastating effects of the eruption, the Roman government exempted the population of Catania from paying taxes for ten years.
Another large lava flow from an eruption in led to the first and only destruction of a population center since the eruption. The third and most vigorous of these fissures opened late on 4 November at unusually low elevation m above the sea-level , in a zone known as Ripe della Naca. The village of Mascali, lying downslope of the Ripe della Naca, was obliterated in just two days, with the lava destroying nearly every building.
During the last days of the eruption, the flow interrupted the Messina-Catania railway line and destroyed the train station of Mascali. Mascali was rebuilt on a new site, and its church contains the Italian fascist symbol of the torch, placed above the statue of Jesus Christ. In early November , the town of Mascali commemorated the 80th anniversary of the eruption and destruction of the village with a number of public manifestations and conferences, where, amongst others, still living eyewitnesses of the eruptions recalled their impressions of that experience.
Other major 20th-century eruptions occurred in , , , and In March , the town of Randazzo on the northwestern flank of Etna narrowly escaped from destruction by unusually fast-moving lava flows — that eruption was remarkably similar to the one of that destroyed Mascali. Initially, such efforts consisted of the construction of earth barriers built perpendicularly to the flow direction; it was hoped that the eruption would stop before the artificial basins created behind the barriers would be completely filled.
Instead, the eruption continued, and lava surmounted the barriers, heading directly toward Zafferana. It was then decided to use explosives near the source of the lava flow, to disrupt a very efficient lava tube system through which the lava traveled for up to 7 km without essentially losing heat and fluidity. The main explosion on 23 May destroyed the lava tube and forced the lava into a new artificial channel, far from Zafferana, and it would have taken months to re-establish a long lava tube.
Shortly after the blasting, the rate of lava emission dropped and during the remainder of the eruption until 30 March the lava never advanced close to the town again. Following six years of unusually intense activity at the four summit craters of Etna, the volcano produced its first flank eruption since in July-August This eruption, which involved activity from seven distinct eruptive fissures mostly on the south slope of the volcano, was a mass-media eruption, because it occurred at the height of the tourist season and numerous reporters and journalists were already in Italy to cover the G8 summit in Genoa.
It also occurred close to one of the tourist areas on the volcano, and thus was easily accessible. In , a much larger eruption threw up a huge column of ash that could easily be seen from space and fell as far away as Libya, km south across the Mediterranean Sea. Seismic activity in this eruption caused the eastern flanks of the volcano to slip by up to two metres, and many houses on the flanks of the volcano experienced structural damage. Revenge of the Sith. The Rifugio Sapienza is near the site of a cable car station which had previously been destroyed in the eruption; it has now been rebuilt.
Following a rather silent, slow and non-destructive lava outflow on the upper southeastern flank between September and March , intense eruptions occurred at the Southeast Crater in July-December These were followed by four episodes of lava fountaining, again at the Southeast Crater, on 29 March, 11 April, 29 April and 7 May Ash emissions and Strombolian explosions started from a vent on the eastern side of the Southeast Crater in mid-August On 4 September Etna violently erupted at around 8: This Southeast Crater eruption was visible far into the plains of Sicily, ending the following morning between the hours of 5 to 7 am local time.
Catania-Fontanarossa Airport shut down operations during the night for safety precautions. A similar paroxysm occurred during the night of November , lasting for 6 hours and causing ash and lapilli falls to the north of the volcano. Again, the source of the activity was the Southeast Crater. Following several months of rather minor activity from the Southeast Crater and flurries of seismic activity especially in the eastern sector of the mountain, a new powerful eruptive paroxysm occurred on the late afternoon of 10 May Due to bad weather, it was not possible to see much of the activity at the vent, but several branches of lava traveled down the eastern flank of the volcano, into the Valle del Bove depression.
This latest paroxysm lasted about 4 hours, ending on the evening of 10 May On the afternoon of the same day, a new eruptive fissure opened at about m above sea-level, with a number of vents displaying Strombolian activity and emission of lava flows toward the Valle del Bove. During the following 24 hours the lava traveled approximately 6 km to the east, but thereafter its advance slowed and stopped, the most distant lava fronts stagnating about 3 km from the nearest village, Milo. Ash emissions became more frequent between 16 and 18 May and produced small but spectacular clouds, whereas the rate of lava emission showed a gradual diminution.
During late May and the first week of June, the activity continued at low levels, with lava flows advancing only a few hundred meters from the vents as of 4 June. Four days later, on 8 June, there was a considerable increase in the vigor of Strombolian activity and lava output rate. During the following week, lava flows advanced up to 5 km from the source vents. In June and July, the eruption continued with mild Strombolian activity from two vents at about m elevation, and lava advancing up to 4 km eastward, remaining confined to the Valle del Bove collapse depression.
Activity in mid-July produced loud detonations that were well audible in numerous population centers around the volcano. In late-July, explosive activity waned, but lava emission continued at a fairly low rate, feeding short lava flows that advanced little more than 1 km. On 13 November , six months after its onset, the flank eruption of Etna was continuing, at a relatively low rate, and it thus became the longest of the four flank eruptions of Etna so far in the 3rd millennium.
Previous eruptions, in , , and had lasted 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively. In the s Etna erupted smoke rings, one of the first captured events of this type, which is extremely rare. This happened again in La sua altezza varia nel tempo a causa delle sue eruzioni, ma si aggira attualmente sui 3. A proposito del dio Eolo, il re dei venti, si diceva che avesse imprigionato i venti sotto le caverne dell'Etna. Secondo il poeta Eschilo, il gigante Tifone fu confinato nell'Etna e fu motivo di eruzioni.
Su Efesto o Vulcano, dio del fuoco e della metallurgia e fabbro degli dei, venne detto di aver avuto la sua fucina sotto l'Etna e di aver domato il demone del fuoco Adranos e di averlo guidato fuori dalla montagna, mentre i Ciclopi vi tenevano un'officina di forgiatura nella quale producevano le saette usate come armi da Zeus.
Si supponeva che il mondo dei morti greco, Tartaro, fosse situato sotto l'Etna. Su Empedocle, un importante filosofo presocratico e uomo politico greco del V secolo a. Secondo una leggenda inglese l'anima della regina Elisabetta I d'Inghilterra ora risiede nell'Etna, a causa di un patto che lei fece col diavolo in cambio del suo aiuto durante il suo regno. Coltivato fino ai mille metri s. Nelle piste a Nord, quelle di Piano Provenzana in territorio di Linguaglossa, lo scenario che si apre d'innanzi comprende Taormina e le coste della Calabria. Le piste di Nicolosi sono state danneggiate dall'eruzione dell'estate del , quando una colata lavica ha distrutto la stazione d'arrivo della funivia ed il centro servizi passando a pochi metri dallo stesso "Rifugio Sapienza".
Le piste di Piano Provenzana sono state colpite dalla colata dell'Autunno del Negli anni settanta del XX secolo le piste del versante sud,Nicolosi, sono state protagoniste della "Tre giorni Internazionale dell'Etna" gara di sci alpino che vedeva alla partenza i grandi nomi dello sci alla fine delle gare della coppa del mondo.
Sono presenti infatti anche guide specializzate e mezzi fuoristrada che in sicurezza portano fino ai crateri sommitali. La zona abitata giunge fino ai m. Tiene alrededor de 3. You seem to be using an unsupported browser. Please update to get the most out of Flickr. Explore Trending More More. Tags 18 september Related groups — 18 september View all Brighton and Hove Route View all All Photos Tagged 18 september Lachata as CO of the Blue Crew.