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So going from mid latitudes all the way to the polar regions. But for a bacteria, that would be a huge swimming pool - a little droplet of water is a huge amount of water for a bacteria. So, a small amount of water is enough for you to be able to create conditions for Mars to be habitable today'. And we believe this is possible in the shallow subsurface, and even the surface of the Mars polar region for a few hours per day during the spring.

That's Nilton Renno, who lead the team of researchers. See also Martian salts must touch ice to make liquid water, study shows.

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He is a mainstream researcher in the field - a distinguished professor of atmospheric, oceanic and space sciences at Michigan University. For instance, amongst many honours, he received the NASA Group Achievement Award as member of the Curiosity Rover " for exceptional achievement defining the REMS scientific goals and requirements, developing the instrument suite and investigation, and operating REMS successfully on Mars" and has written many papers on topics such as possible habitats on the present day Mars surface. Skip to: Effects of biofilms. This was a serendipitous discovery announced in April Liquid brines that form through deliquescing salts perchlorates - the salts take in water from the atmosphere same principle as the salts you use to keep equipment dry.

They noticed that when Curiosity drives over sand dunes, then the air above them is drier than it is normally. When it leaves the sandy areas the humidity increases. This shows that something in the sand dunes is taking up water vapour from the air, and rather a lot of it too. They calculated that the perchlorates in the sand must take up so much water at night that the liquid brines would be habitable, except that they are too cold for Earth life. This shows how it works:. As the day progresses the brines warm up but any brines close to the surface in the top five centimeters or so would dry out, and become too salty for Earth life.

That's for any water in the top five centimeters or so. They found conditions for liquid water in the top 5 cms at various times in the morning for most of the year from 2 am to after 8 am, and in the evening in winter from 6 pm to around midnight just reading off from their figure 3b. However, when temperatures in the top 5 cms reach conditions habitable for Earth life, they find that the water activity has dropped to zero, making it impossible for Earth microbes to replicate Earth life requires a water activity level of at least 0.

Planetary protection at present at least is based on keeping Mars free of Earth life only for our own purposes and not for future generations thousands of years from now, so they count habitats as being okay for planetary protection if the conditions are so cold that life would take millennia to colonize it. They suggest that it could have permanently hydrated brines below about 15 centimeters below the surface, and at that depth, the liquid would never get warm enough for metabolic activity for Earth microbes, never mind replication. The authors of the paper concluded that the conditions in the Curiosity region were probably beyond the habitability range for replication and metabolism of known terrestrial micro-organisms.

However this is in the tropics where the air is comparatively warm and dry, and it leads to the possibility of habitable brines in conditions that are colder, with greater atmospheric water content. As perchlorates are widely distributed on the surfaceof Mars, this discovery implies that the rest of the planet should possess even more abundant brines owing to the expected greater atmospheric water content and lower temperatures. For a summary see "Evidence of liquid water found on Mars BBC " and for the article in Nature "Transient liquid water and water activity at Gale crater on Mars" abstract, the paper is behind a paywall, but you can read it via the link in the BBC article through Springer Nature Sharedit,.

So if brines can exist there, that strengthens the case they could form and persist even longer at many other locations, perhaps enough to explain RSL activity,". Skip to: What are these recurring slope lineae? Nilton Renno , who is an expert on Mars surface conditions suggests that Earth microbes may still be able to exploit this liquid brine layer through biofilms He points to biofilms—colonies of tiny organisms that can make their own microenvironment.

Mars liquid water: Curiosity confirms favorable conditions. The review makes a similar point about the ability of multi-species microbial communities to alter dispersed small-scale habitats. Cells in biofilms are embedded in a matrix of externally produced substances such as polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and DNA and adjust environmental parameters to make them more habitable [45].

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There are many examples of small-scale and even microscale communities on Earth including biofilms only a few cells thick. Microbes can propagate in these biofilms despite adverse and extreme surrounding conditions. However both could work. Martian life would surely be adjusted to live at the lowest temperatures on Mars. It could do that using the chaotropic agents such as the perchlorates which are naturally present on Mars - these are chemicals that help processes to continue at lower temperatures than they usually do.

Earth life may be able to use these too. Chaotropic substances. Finding Chaotropic compounds can lower the temperature limit for cell division below that observed in their absence. Here are a couple of relevant papers but these are preliminary results:. If it is possible for life to evolve to live in these habitats, then conditions on Mars would seem to be optimal to drive such evolution. Surely there is a possibility here that martian biofilms have evolved to take advantage of these brines.

If they have done so they would likely trap the water at night at those low temperatures below - 40 C and then retain it in the films through to daytime as the brines warm up to temperatures conducive to Earth life. So, the Curiosity brines could well be habitable to martian life. They may be habitable to Earth life too - though at those low temperatures it would likely reproduce only slowly.

There are many other potential microhabitats on Mars, even in equatorial regions. Also there may be underground caves that communicate with the surface. These would be of many different types on Mars, as varied as on Earth and some formed by processes unique to Mars involving dry ice, or rare on Earth involving sulfuric acid. Penelope Boston lists some of the types of cave possible on Mars Boston, Solutional caves e.

The abundance of sulfur on Mars may make sulfuric acid caves more common than they are on Mars. Erosional caves e.

Suffosional caves - a rare type of cave on the Earth, where fine particles are moved by water, leaving the larger particles behind - so the rock does not dissolve, just the fine particles are removed. Some think that it is possible that Mars has fresh liquid water in polar regions, a few tens of centimeters below the surface, protected from the surface vacuum by clear ice and melted by the solid state greenhouse effect. This should happen according to the models if Mars has ice similar in properties to the clear blue ice in Antarctica where a similar process occurs. Perhaps there could even be liquid water in equatorial regions too when the early morning frost discovered by Viking melts.

This is preliminary unpublished research at present. He tested the effect of frost first discovered on Mars by the Viking mission on rocks under Martian conditions, and found that liquid water flowed on the rocks for about 15 minutes, before all the water turned into the gas phase. Life could exist on Mars today, very close to the surface - AirSpace magazine. There have been at least as many new proposed near surface habitats for Mars since the striking Phoenix leg droplet observations in as there have been years. Skip to: Dust cascades explanation. Many dark streaks form seasonally on Mars.

Most of these are thought to be due to dry ice and wind effects. This image shows an example, probably the result of avalanche slides and not thought to have anything to do with water:. Slope Streaks in Acheron Fossae on Mars - these streaks are thought to be possibly due to avalanches of dark sand flowing down the slope. However a few of the streaks form in conditions that rule out all the usual mechanisms. The leading hypotheses for these remains that they are correlated in some way with the seasonal presence of liquid water - probably salty brines.

Skip to: Why life on Mars need not be related to Earth life. A paper did show that the some aspects of these features are more consistent with dust cascades. I found those through literature searches rather than news stories. These papers suggest they are not yet fully understood and may still contain substantial amounts of brines. Difficulties with the dust explanation include the rapid fading away of the streaks at the end of the season, instead of the more usual decades, and a lack of an explanation of how the dust is resupplied year after year.

Resupply also remains a major question for the models involving substantial amounts of liquid brines Stillman quoted in David, A study of RSLs in the Valles Marineres finds that they seem to traverse bedrock rather than the regolith of other RSLs, and that if water is involved in their formation, then substantial amounts must be needed to sustain lengthening throughout the season Stillman et al, I will be citing from my preprint here, registered with the Open Science Foundation, but will just be using it here for its literature summaries:.

The Chicxulub impactor did send material from a shallow tropical ocean to Mars, 66 million years ago, but it would be hard for a microbe to withstand the shock of impact, fireball of ejection from our atmosphere, ionizing radiation, cold and vacuum of space, and then to find a home on present day dry and dusty Mars congenial to it. The most likely habitats for martian life are also fragile - dust, ice, salts, and it would not be easy for life in those to get to Earth. Again the easiest time for martian life to get to Earth is in the early solar system when Mars had seas, and later, lakes, and then it depends on its capabilities back then, whether it could do this.

Skip to: Prestige or dishonour - first footsteps on Mars. The idea of bringing microbes to Mars, in order to sort of test whether Mars could be a habitat, whether we could terraform Mars, whether it could be a habitat for Earth organisms -- that's something we might do eventually. If the international community decides it's the right thing to do, we can certainly do it. It's just that as we go about the process of exploring Mars, we don't want to screw up the things we want to do first by doing things that then we can't take back afterwards. We can't do a do-over on releasing organisms in the Mars environment.

Once they're there they will be there.

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So we have to do all of our search for life activities, we have to look for the Mars organisms without the background, without the noise of having released Earth organisms into the Mars environment. This is why we are very careful when we clean robotic spacecraft, because we really want to understand what's there at Mars and not see the stuff we brought with us by accident. I think it will help to bring this home to the reader to tell a short story through possible future news stories that we might read if we do send humans to Mars.

This is fiction, but I do think that there is a distinct possibility that this could be a real future.

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It is consistent with our best current understanding of Mars. Skip to: Yes we would love to touch Mars in person, but should we? Photo shows Artist's impression of a human astronaut on the Mars surface holding Oskar Pernefeldt's proposed International Flag of the Earth. Today Paul Maldonado, the astrobiology mission specialist, announced that he had found clear signs of life on Mars.

The life was found in a Recurrent Slope Lineae close to their base camp. Photo is actually of a slope with RSLs from this paper. What we have been looking for all this time. This would be so exciting - except perhaps for some doubts amongst knowledgeable astrobiologists who would be somewhat dreading what comes next, after all this is what that long running debate in Astrobiology journal from to was all about.