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Egypt, a country linking northeast Africa with the Middle East, dates to the time of the pharaohs.
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Clashes in Egypt analysis. Egyptian police disperse protesters demanding removal of president al-Sisi. Egyptian security forces kill 17 'terrorists' suspected in Cairo car blast: interior ministry. Deadly Cairo car bombing a 'terrorist incident', says Egypt's President Sisi. The content you requested does not exist or is not available anymore.
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Trump warns Turkey about meddling in Libya. Sunday, 24 November, Monday, 11 November, The ship that is really an LNG plant. Friday, 1 November, UK arts. Tutankhamun treasures go on show in the UK. Sunday, 20 October, Water scarcity.
Tensions rise between Ethiopia and Egypt over river Nile. Friday, 18 October, Hot money flows into Egyptian debt. Saudi Aramco IPO lures dealmakers to kingdom. Special Report. Arab World: Banking and Finance. Wednesday, 2 October, Analysis The Big Read. A broken Muslim Brotherhood struggles for relevance. Promoted Content. Sunday, 29 September, It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal. In general, the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer.
The current south of the lakes changes with the tide at Suez. On 26 August a proposal was made for opening a New Suez Canal. Work on the New Suez Canal was completed in July Over that period, Egypt achieved the elimination of open defecation in rural areas and invested in infrastructure. About one half of the population is connected to sanitary sewers. Partly because of low sanitation coverage about 17, children die each year because of diarrhoea.
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This in turn requires government subsidies even for operating costs, a situation that has been aggravated by salary increases without tariff increases after the Arab Spring. Poor operation of facilities, such as water and wastewater treatment plants, as well as limited government accountability and transparency, are also issues. Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall, Egypt's agriculture depends entirely on irrigation. The main source of irrigation water is the river Nile of which the flow is controlled by the high dam at Aswan.
In the Nile valley and delta, almost 33, square kilometres 13, sq mi of land benefit from these irrigation waters producing on average 1. Egypt is the most populated country in the Arab world and the third most populous on the African continent , with about 95 million inhabitants as of [update]. Egypt's people are highly urbanised, being concentrated along the Nile notably Cairo and Alexandria , in the Delta and near the Suez Canal. Egyptians are divided demographically into those who live in the major urban centres and the fellahin , or farmers, that reside in rural villages.
While emigration was restricted under Nasser, thousands of Egyptian professionals were dispatched abroad in the context of the Arab Cold War.
There are also tribal Beja communities concentrated in the south-eastern-most corner of the country, and a number of Dom clans mostly in the Nile Delta and Faiyum who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanisation increases. Some 5 million immigrants live in Egypt, mostly Sudanese , "some of whom have lived in Egypt for generations.
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that the total number of "people of concern" refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless people was about , In , the number of registered Syrian refugees in Egypt was ,, a decrease from the previous year. The once-vibrant and ancient Greek and Jewish communities in Egypt have almost disappeared , with only a small number remaining in the country, but many Egyptian Jews visit on religious or other occasions and tourism.
Several important Jewish archaeological and historical sites are found in Cairo, Alexandria and other cities. The official language of the Republic is Arabic. Additionally, Greek , Armenian and Italian , and more recently, African languages like Amharic and Tigrigna are the main languages of immigrants. The main foreign languages taught in schools, by order of popularity, are English , French , German and Italian. Historically Egyptian was spoken, of which the latest stage is Coptic Egyptian. Spoken Coptic was mostly extinct by the 17th century but may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century.
It remains in use as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. Egypt is a predominantly Sunni Muslim country with Islam as its state religion. The percentage of adherents of various religions is a controversial topic in Egypt.
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Egypt was a Christian country before the 7th century, and after Islam arrived, the country was gradually Islamised into a majority-Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat , Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. There is also a Shi'a minority. Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria, such as the Syro-Lebanese , who belong to Greek Catholic , Greek Orthodox , and Maronite Catholic denominations.
Ethnic Greeks also made up a large Greek Orthodox population in the past. Likewise, Armenians made up the then larger Armenian Orthodox and Catholic communities. Egypt also used to have a large Roman Catholic community, largely made up of Italians and Maltese. These non-native communities were much larger in Egypt before the Nasser regime and the nationalisation that took place.
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Egypt hosts the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It was founded back in the first century, considered to be the largest church in the country. Egypt is also the home of Al-Azhar University founded in CE, began teaching in CE , which is today the world's "most influential voice of establishment Sunni Islam" and is, by some measures, the second-oldest continuously operating university in world. Egypt recognises only three religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. A court ruling allowed members of unrecognised faiths to obtain identification and leave the religion field blank.
Egypt is a recognised cultural trend-setter of the Arabic-speaking world. Contemporary Arabic and Middle-Eastern culture is heavily influenced by Egyptian literature, music, film and television. Egypt gained a regional leadership role during the s and s, giving a further enduring boost to the standing of Egyptian culture in the Arabic-speaking world. Egyptian identity evolved in the span of a long period of occupation to accommodate Islam , Christianity and Judaism; and a new language, Arabic , and its spoken descendant, Egyptian Arabic which is also based on many Ancient Egyptian words.
The work of early 19th century scholar Rifa'a al-Tahtawi renewed interest in Egyptian antiquity and exposed Egyptian society to Enlightenment principles.
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Tahtawi co-founded with education reformer Ali Mubarak a native Egyptology school that looked for inspiration to medieval Egyptian scholars, such as Suyuti and Maqrizi , who themselves studied the history , language and antiquities of Egypt. They forged a liberal path for Egypt expressed as a commitment to personal freedom, secularism and faith in science to bring progress.
The Egyptians were one of the first major civilisations to codify design elements in art and architecture. Egyptian blue , also known as calcium copper silicate is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings.