Neg Maron: Freedom Fighter

Editorial Reviews. About the Author. Michael Aubertin was the Director of Culture i Saint Lucia Neg Maron: Freedom Fighter by [Aubertin, Michael]. Kindle App.
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They sometimes developed Creole languages by mixing European tongues with their original African languages. One such Maroon Creole language, in Suriname, is Saramaccan. At other times, the Maroons would adopt variations of local European language Creolization as a common tongue, for members of the community frequently spoke a variety of mother tongues. The Maroons created their own independent communities which in some cases have survived for centuries and until recently remained separate from mainstream society.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, Maroon communities began to disappear as forests were razed, although some countries, such as Guyana and Suriname, still have large Maroon populations living in the forests. Recently, many of them moved to cities and towns as the process of urbanization accelerates. A typical maroon community in the early stage usually consists of three types of people. Most of them were slaves who ran away right after they got off the ships.

They refused to accept enslavement and often tried to find ways to go back to Africa. The second group were unskilled slaves who had been working on plantations for a while. Those slaves were usually somewhat adjusted to the slave system but had been abused by the plantation owners, with brutality excessive even when compared to the normal standards. Others ran away when they were being sold suddenly to a new owner.

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The last group of maroons were usually skilled slaves with particularly strong ideals against the slave system. Maroonage was a constant threat to New World plantation societies. Maroon communities had to be inaccessible and located in inhospitable environments in order to be sustainable. Maroon communities turned the severity of their environments to their advantage to hide and defend their communities.

Maroon men utilized exemplary guerrilla warfare skills to fight their European enemies. Nanny, the famous Jamaican Maroon, developed guerrilla warfare tactics that are still used today by many militaries around the world. Even though colonial governments were in a perpetual state of hatred toward the maroon communities, individuals in the colonial system traded goods and services with maroons.

Absolute secrecy and loyalty of members was crucial to the survival of maroon communities. Maroon communities were formed among the Afro-Asians in South Asia who resisted slavery. Similar Maroon communities developed on islands across the Caribbean, such as the Garifuna. Many of the Garifuna were deported to the mainland, where some eventually settling along the Mosquito Coast or in Belize.

See History of the Dominican Republic. The French encountered many forms of slave resistance during the 17th and 18th centuries. The African slaves who fled to remote mountainous areas were called marron French or mawon Haitian Creole , meaning "escaped slave". The maroons formed close-knit communities that practised small-scale agriculture and hunting.

They were known to return to plantations to free family members and friends. Certain maroon factions became so formidable that they made treaties with local colonial authorities, sometimes negotiating their own independence in exchange for helping to hunt down other escaped slaves. Other slave resistance efforts against the French plantation system were more direct. The maroon leader Mackandal led a movement to poison the drinking water of the plantation owners in the s.

Boukman declared war on the French plantation owners in , sparking off the Haitian Revolution. Additional slaves gained freedom during the confusion surrounding the British invasion. Refugee slaves continued to join them through the decades until the abolition of slavery in During the late 17th and 18th centuries, the British tried to capture them because they occasionally raided plantations , and made expansion into the interior more difficult. An increase in armed confrontations over decades led to the First Maroon War in , but the British were unable to defeat the Maroons.

They finally settled with the groups by treaty in and , allowing them to have autonomy in their communities in exchange for agreeing to be called to military service with the colonists if needed. Due to tensions and repeated conflicts with Maroons, the Second Maroon War erupted in In an effort to break up the Maroon communities, the colonial government deported approximately captive maroons to Nova Scotia.

It offered ethnic Africans a chance to set up their own community there, beginning in Around a number of Jamaican Maroons were transported to Freetown , the first settlement of Sierra Leone.

The only Leeward Maroon settlement that retained formal autonomy on Jamaica after the Second Maroon War was Accompong , in Saint Elizabeth Parish , whose people had abided by their treaty with the British. The government has tried to encourage survival of the other Maroon settlements. Since , the Jamaican government and Maroon communities have held the Annual International Maroon Conference at rotating communities around the island. Maroons from other Caribbean, Central and South America nations are invited.

DNA analysis of contemporary persons from this area shows maternal ancestry from the Mandinka , Wolof , and Fulani peoples through the mtDNA African haplotype associated with them, L1b , which is present here. Several different maroon societies developed around the Gulf of Honduras. Some were found in the interior of modern-day Honduras , along the trade routes by which silver mined in the Pacific side of the isthmus was carried by slaves down to coastal towns such as Trujillo or Puerto Caballos to be shipped to Europe.

When slaves escaped, they went to the mountains for safety.

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In the English bishop of Guatemala, Thomas Gage, reported active bands of maroons numbering in the hundreds along these routes. The Miskito Sambu were a maroon group who formed from slaves who revolted on a Portuguese ship around , wrecking the vessel on the coast of Honduras-Nicaragua and escaping into the interior. They intermarried with the indigenous people over the next half-century.



They eventually rose to leadership of the Mosquito Coast , and led extensive slave raids against Spanish-held territories in the first half of the 18th century. The Garifuna are descendants of maroon communities that developed on the island of Saint Vincent. They were deported to the coast of Honduras in From their original landing place in Roatan Island , the maroons moved to Trujillo.

Gradually groups migrated south into the Mosquito Kingdom and north into Belize. Bayano , a Mandinka man who had been enslaved and taken to Panama in , led a rebellion that year against the Spanish in Panama. He and his followers escaped to found villages in the lowlands. From to , maroons , who had been deported from Jamaica after the Second Maroon War, lived in Nova Scotia.

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In , they were sent to Sierra Leone. The Black Seminoles , who allied with Seminole Indians in Florida, were one of the largest and most successful Maroon communities in the United States. Some intermarried and were culturally Seminole; others maintained a more African culture.

Descendants of those who were removed with the Seminole to Indian Territory in the s are recognized as Seminole Freedmen. Many were formerly part of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma , but have been excluded since the late 20th century by new membership rules that require proving Native American descent from historic documents.

Until the mids, maroon colonies lined the shores of Lake Borgne , just downriver of New Orleans , Louisiana. These fugitive slaves controlled many of the canals and back-country passages from Lake Pontchartrain to the Gulf , including the Rigolets. These colonies were finally eradicated by militia from Spanish-controlled New Orleans led by Francisco Bouligny.

Free people of color aided in the capture of these fugitives.

Neg Maron, Jean-Claude Flamand-Barny

One of the best-known quilombos maroon settlements in Brazil was Palmares the Palm Nation which was founded in the early 17th century. At its height, it had a population of over 30, free people and was ruled by king Zumbi. Palmares maintained its independent existence for almost a hundred years until it was conquered by the Portuguese in Escaped slaves established independent communities along the remote Pacific coast, outside of the reach of the colonial administration. In Colombia the Caribbean coast still sees maroon communities like San Basilio de Palenque , where the creole Palenquero language is spoken.

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