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Item : Comprar livros no Google Play Procure a maior eBookstore do mundo e comece a ler hoje na web, no tablet, no telefone ou eReader. Soul of a People in a Time of Great Suffering. Brave Soldiers All. Population by County New Mexico Territory Territorial Militia Department of New MexicoTroop Strength Scorching the Earth of a Proud People. The different groups were located in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. Since then, other anthropologists e.

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Albert Schroeder consider Goodwin's classification inconsistent with pre-reservation cultural divisions. He believes San Carlos is the most divergent dialect, and that Dilzhe'e is a remnant, intermediate member of a dialect continuum that previously spanned from the Western Apache language to the Navajo. John Upton Terrell classifies the Apache into western and eastern groups. Brugge identifies 15 tribal names which the Spanish used to refer to the Apache. These were drawn from records of about baptisms from to The list below is based on Foster and McCollough , Opler b, c, , and de Reuse Historically, the term was also used for Comanches , Mojaves , Hualapais , and Yavapais , none of whom speak Apache languages.

Chiricahua historically lived in Southeastern Arizona. The term jicarilla comes from the Spanish word for "little gourd. They were first mentioned in records as being near the newly established town of San Antonio, Texas. Historically, they followed the Kiowa. While these subgroups spoke the same language and had kinship ties, Western Apaches considered themselves as separate from each other, according to Goodwin.

Other writers have used this term to refer to all non-Navajo Apachean peoples living west of the Rio Grande thus failing to distinguish the Chiricahua from the other Apacheans. Goodwin's formulation: "all those Apache peoples who have lived within the present boundaries of the state of Arizona during historic times with the exception of the Chiricahua, Warm Springs, and allied Apache, and a small band of Apaches known as the Apache Mansos, who lived in the vicinity of Tucson.

The Apache and Navajo tribal groups of the North American Southwest speak related languages of the Athabaskan language family. The Apaches' nomadic way of life complicates accurate dating, primarily because they constructed less substantial dwellings than other Southwestern groups. The Athabaskan-speaking group probably moved into areas that were concurrently occupied or recently abandoned by other cultures. Other Athabaskan speakers, perhaps including the Southern Athabaskan, adapted many of their neighbors' technology and practices in their own cultures. Thus sites where early Southern Athabaskans may have lived are difficult to locate and even more difficult to firmly identify as culturally Southern Athabaskan.

Recent advances have been made in the regard in the far southern portion of the American Southwest. There are several hypotheses concerning Apache migrations. One [ who?



In the midth century, these mobile groups lived in tents, hunted bison and other game, and used dogs to pull travois loaded with their possessions. Substantial numbers of the people and a wide range were recorded by the Spanish in the 16th century. In April , while traveling on the plains east of the Pueblo region, Francisco Coronado referred to the people as "dog nomads. After seventeen days of travel, I came upon a 'rancheria' of the Indians who follow these cattle bison.

Legend of the Apache Kid

These natives are called Querechos. They do not cultivate the land, but eat raw meat and drink the blood of the cattle they kill. They dress in the skins of the cattle, with which all the people in this land clothe themselves, and they have very well-constructed tents, made with tanned and greased cowhides, in which they live and which they take along as they follow the cattle. They have dogs which they load to carry their tents, poles, and belongings. The Spanish described Plains dogs as very white, with black spots, and "not much larger than water spaniels. Although the first documentary sources mention the Apache, and historians have suggested some passages indicate a 16th-century entry from the north, archaeological data indicate they were present on the plains long before this first reported contact.

A competing theory [ who? An archaeological material culture assemblage identified in this mountainous zone as ancestral Apache has been referred to as the "Cerro Rojo complex". When the Spanish arrived in the area, trade between the long established Pueblo peoples and the Southern Athabaskan was well established. They reported the Pueblo exchanged maize and woven cotton goods for bison meat, and hides and materials for stone tools.

Coronado observed the Plains people wintering near the Pueblo in established camps.

Tonio, Son of the Sierras: A Story of the Apache War

Later Spanish sovereignty over the area disrupted trade between the Pueblo and the diverging Apache and Navajo groups. The Apache quickly acquired horses, improving their mobility for quick raids on settlements. In addition, the Pueblo were forced to work Spanish mission lands and care for mission flocks; they had fewer surplus goods to trade with their neighbors.

In , Coronado reported that the modern Western Apache area was uninhabited, although some scholars have argued that he simply did not see the American Indians. Other Spanish explorers first mention "Querechos" living west of the Rio Grande in the s. To some historians, this implies the Apaches moved into their current Southwestern homelands in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

TONIO, SON OF THE SIERRAS, A Story of the Apache War, By, GENERAL CHARLES KING, AUTHOR OF

Other historians note that Coronado reported that Pueblo women and children had often been evacuated by the time his party attacked their dwellings, and that he saw some dwellings had been recently abandoned as he moved up the Rio Grande. This might indicate the semi-nomadic Southern Athabaskan had advance warning about his hostile approach and evaded encounter with the Spanish.

Archaeologists are finding ample evidence of an early proto-Apache presence in the Southwestern mountain zone in the 15th century and perhaps earlier. The Apache presence on both the Plains and in the mountainous Southwest indicate that the people took multiple early migration routes.

In general, the recently arrived Spanish colonists, who settled in villages, and Apache bands developed a pattern of interaction over a few centuries. Both raided and traded with each other.

Records of the period seem to indicate that relationships depended upon the specific villages and specific bands that were involved with each other.