History of Jerusalem

During its long history, Jerusalem has been BCE, with King David's sack of Jerusalem, following which Jerusalem became the City of David and capital.
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Any city, Jerusalem included, can be defined either in current administrative terms, as the area declared by legal means to be part of a municipality; or in historical terms, as the city which resulted from a process of urban development, united into one entity by a common territory, history and by virtue of its natural and social characteristics. This spreads to any related issue, such as defining the age of the city. After the Six-Day War in , Shuafat and other places defined as East Jerusalem were incorporated into the Jerusalem municipal district, in a move not internationally recognized.

What is today Shuafat laid outside the settlement area of its neighbour, Jerusalem, throughout the Bronze Age and until Jerusalem's destruction in 70 CE, [87] and even outside Jerusalem's main Second Temple period northern necropolis. The Execration Texts c. In the Late Bronze Age, Jerusalem was the capital of an Egyptian vassal city-state, [] a modest settlement governing a few outlying villages and pastoral areas, with a small Egyptian garrison and ruled by appointees such as king Abdi-Heba , [] At the time of Seti I r.

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Archaeological remains from the ancient Israelite period include the Siloam Tunnel , an aqueduct built by Judahite king Hezekiah and once containing an ancient Hebrew inscription, known as the Siloam Inscription ; [] the so-called Broad Wall , a defensive fortification built in the 8th century BCE, also by Hezekiah; [] the Silwan necropolis with the Monolith of Silwan and the Tomb of the Royal Steward , which were decorated with monumental Hebrew inscriptions; [] and the so-called Israelite Tower , remnants of ancient fortifications, built from large, sturdy rocks with carved cornerstones.

When the Assyrians conquered the Kingdom of Israel in BCE, Jerusalem was strengthened by a great influx of refugees from the northern kingdom. This period, when Canaan formed part of the Egyptian empire, corresponds in biblical accounts to Joshua 's invasion, [] but almost all scholars agree that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value for early Israel. In the Bible, Jerusalem is defined as lying within territory allocated to the tribe of Benjamin [] though occupied by Jebusites.

David is said to have conquered these in the Siege of Jebus , and transferred his capital from Hebron to Jerusalem which then became the capital of a united Kingdom of Israel , [] and one of its several religious centres. Solomon's Temple later known as the First Temple , went on to play a pivotal role in Jewish religion as the repository of the Ark of the Covenant. The southern tribes, together with the Aaronid priesthood , remained in Jerusalem, with the city becoming the capital of the Kingdom of Judah. Sometime soon after BCE Jerusalem was besieged, conquered and largely destroyed by a coalition of neighbouring states.

Many Jewish tombs from the Second Temple period have been rediscovered in Jerusalem. One example, discovered north of the Old City , contains human remains in an ossuary decorated with the Aramaic inscription "Simon the Temple Builder. These tombs, probably reserved for members of the Sanhedrin [] [] and inscribed by ancient Hebrew and Aramaic writings, are dated to between BCE and CE. As Rome became stronger, it installed Herod as a Jewish client king.

Herod the Great, as he was known, devoted himself to developing and beautifying the city. He built walls, towers and palaces, and expanded the Temple Mount , buttressing the courtyard with blocks of stone weighing up to tons. Under Herod, the area of the Temple Mount doubled in size. Roman rule over Jerusalem and the region was challenged in the First Jewish—Roman War , which ended with a Roman victory.

The Second Temple was destroyed in 70 CE, and the entire city was destroyed in the war. The contemporary Jewish historian Josephus wrote that the city "was so thoroughly razed to the ground by those that demolished it to its foundations, that nothing was left that could ever persuade visitors that it had once been a place of habitation. Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Emperor Hadrian combined Iudaea Province with neighboring provinces under the new name of Syria Palaestina , replacing the name of Judea.

Jews were prohibited from entering the city on pain of death, except for one day each year, during the holiday of Tisha B'Av. Taken together, these measures [] [] [] which also affected Jewish Christians [] essentially "secularized" the city. Burial remains from the Byzantine period are exclusively Christian, suggesting that the population of Jerusalem in Byzantine times probably consisted only of Christians.

In the 5th century, the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire , ruled from the recently renamed Constantinople , maintained control of the city. Within the span of a few decades, Jerusalem shifted from Byzantine to Persian rule, then back to Roman-Byzantine dominion. In the Siege of Jerusalem of , after 21 days of relentless siege warfare , Jerusalem was captured.

Byzantine chronicles relate that the Sassanids and Jews slaughtered tens of thousands of Christians in the city, many at the Mamilla Pool , [] [] and destroyed their monuments and churches, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This episode has been the subject of much debate between historians. The rest of the city " The Islamization of Jerusalem began in the first year A.

After 13 years, the direction of prayer was changed to Mecca. According to the Gaullic bishop Arculf , who lived in Jerusalem from to , the Mosque of Umar was a rectangular wooden structure built over ruins which could accommodate 3, worshipers. Contemporary Arabic and Hebrew sources say the site was full of rubbish, and that Arabs and Jews cleaned it. Al-Muqaddasi writes that Abd al-Malik built the edifice on the Temple Mount in order to compete in grandeur with Jerusalem's monumental churches.

Over the next four hundred years Jerusalem's prominence diminished as Arab powers in the region jockeyed for control. A messianic Karaite movement to gather in Jerusalem took place at the turn of the millennium, leading to a "Golden Age" of Karaite scholarship there, which was only terminated by the Crusades.

After taking the solidly defended city by assault, the Crusaders massacred most of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants, and made it the capital of their Kingdom of Jerusalem. The city, which had been virtually emptied, was recolonized by a variegated inflow of Greeks , Bulgarians , Hungarians , Georgians , Armenians , Syrians , Egyptians , Nestorians , Maronites , Jacobite Miaphysites, Copts and others, to block the return of the surviving Muslims and Jews.

The north-eastern quarter was repopulated with Eastern Christians from the Transjordan. In , the city was wrested from the Crusaders by Saladin who permitted Jews and Muslims to return and settle in the city. The Eastern Christian populace was permitted to stay. However, for most of the 13th century, Jerusalem declined to the status of a village due to city's fall of strategic value and Ayyubid internecine struggles. In , Jerusalem was sacked by the Khwarezmian Tatars , who decimated the city's Christian population and drove out the Jews.

When Nachmanides visited in he found only two Jewish families, in a population of 2,, of whom were Christians, in the city. In the wider region and until around , many clashes occurred between the Mamluks on one side, and the crusaders and the Mongols , on the other side. The area also suffered from many earthquakes and black plague.

In , Jerusalem and environs fell to the Ottoman Turks , who generally remained in control until Throughout much of Ottoman rule, Jerusalem remained a provincial, if religiously important center, and did not straddle the main trade route between Damascus and Cairo. The Ottomans brought many innovations: With the annexation of Jerusalem by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in , foreign missions and consulates began to establish a foothold in the city.

In , Ibrahim Pasha allowed Jerusalem's Jewish residents to restore four major synagogues, among them the Hurva. The Christians and Jews of Jerusalem were subjected to attacks. Ibrahim's Egyptian army routed Qasim's forces in Jerusalem the following month. Ottoman rule was reinstated in , but many Egyptian Muslims remained in Jerusalem and Jews from Algiers and North Africa began to settle in the city in growing numbers. In the s, new neighborhoods began to develop outside the Old City walls to house pilgrims and relieve the intense overcrowding and poor sanitation inside the city.

In an American Missionary reports an estimated population of Jerusalem of 'above' 15,, with 4, to 5, Jews and 6, Muslims. Every year there were 5, to 6, Russian Christian Pilgrims. Until the s there were no formal orphanages in Jerusalem, as families generally took care of each other.

In the Diskin Orphanage was founded in Jerusalem with the arrival of Jewish children orphaned by a Russian pogrom. The British had to deal with a conflicting demand that was rooted in Ottoman rule. Agreements for the supply of water, electricity, and the construction of a tramway system—all under concessions granted by the Ottoman authorities—had been signed by the city of Jerusalem and a Greek citizen, Euripides Mavromatis, on 27 January Work under these concessions had not begun and, by the end of the war the British occupying forces refused to recognize their validity.

Mavromatis claimed that his concessions overlapped with the Auja Concession that the government had awarded to Rutenberg in and that he had been deprived of his legal rights. The Mavromatis concession, in effect despite earlier British attempts to abolish it, covered Jerusalem and other localities e. From to the total population of the city rose from 52, to ,, comprised two-thirds of Jews and one-third of Arabs Muslims and Christians.

In Jerusalem, in particular, Arab riots occurred in and in Under the British, new garden suburbs were built in the western and northern parts of the city [] [] and institutions of higher learning such as the Hebrew University were founded. As the British Mandate for Palestine was expiring, the UN Partition Plan recommended "the creation of a special international regime in the City of Jerusalem, constituting it as a corpus separatum under the administration of the UN.

In contradiction to the Partition Plan, which envisioned a city separated from the Arab state and the Jewish state, Israel took control of the area which later would become West Jerusalem, along with major parts of the Arab territory allotted to the future Arab State ; Jordan took control of East Jerusalem, along with the West Bank. The war led to displacement of Arab and Jewish populations in the city. The 1, residents of the Jewish Quarter of the Old City were expelled and a few hundred taken prisoner when the Arab Legion captured the quarter on 28 May.

By the time of the armistice that ended active fighting, Israel had control of 12 of Jerusalem's 15 Arab residential quarters. An estimated minimum of 30, people had become refugees. The war of resulted in the division of Jerusalem, so that the old walled city lay entirely on the Jordanian side of the line. A no-man's land between East and West Jerusalem came into being in November Moshe Dayan , commander of the Israeli forces in Jerusalem, met with his Jordanian counterpart Abdullah el-Tell in a deserted house in Jerusalem's Musrara neighborhood and marked out their respective positions: Israel's position in red and Jordan's in green.

This rough map, which was not meant as an official one, became the final line in the Armistice Agreements , which divided the city and left Mount Scopus as an Israeli exclave inside East Jerusalem. Military skirmishes frequently threatened the ceasefire. After the establishment of the state of Israel, Jerusalem was declared its capital city. After , since the old walled city in its entirety was to the east of the armistice line, Jordan was able to take control of all the holy places therein. While Muslim holy sites were maintained and renovated, [] contrary to the terms of the armistice agreement, Jews were denied access to Jewish holy sites, many of which were destroyed or desecrated.

Jordan allowed only very limited access to Christian holy sites, [] and restrictions were imposed on the Christian population that led many to leave the city. Of the 58 synagogues in the Old City, half were either razed or converted to stables and hen-houses over the course of the next 19 years, including the Hurva and the Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue.

The 3,year-old [] Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery was desecrated, with gravestones used to build roads, latrines and Jordanian army fortifications. Jordan allowed Arab Palestinian refugees from the war to settle in the vacated Jewish Quarter , which became known as Harat al-Sharaf. In , despite Israeli pleas that Jordan remain neutral during the Six-Day War , Jordan, which had concluded a defense agreement with Egypt on May 30, , attacked Israeli-held West Jerusalem on the war's second day.

On 27 June , three weeks after the war ended, in the reunification of Jerusalem , Israel extended its law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, including the city's Christian and Muslim holy sites, along with some nearby West Bank territory which comprised 28 Palestinian villages, incorporating it into the Jerusalem Municipality, [] [] although it carefully avoided using the term annexation.

The steps that were taken [by Israel] relate to the integration of Jerusalem in administrative and municipal areas, and served as a legal basis for the protection of the holy places of Jerusalem. Residents were given permanent residency status and the option of applying for Israeli citizenship. Since , new Jewish residential areas have mushroomed in the eastern sector, while no new Palestinian neighbourhoods have been created. Jewish and Christian access to the holy sites inside the old walled city was restored. Israel left the Temple Mount under the jurisdiction of an Islamic waqf , but opened the Western Wall to Jewish access.

The Moroccan Quarter , which was located adjacent to the Western Wall, was evacuated and razed. The plan was intended to make East Jerusalem more Jewish and prevent it from becoming part of an urban Palestinian bloc stretching from Bethlehem to Ramallah. On 2 October , the Israeli cabinet approved the plan, and seven neighborhoods were subsequently built on the city's eastern edges. They became known as the Ring Neighborhoods. The annexation of East Jerusalem was met with international criticism.

The Israeli Foreign Ministry disputes that the annexation of Jerusalem was a violation of international law. Areas of discord have included whether the Palestinian flag can be raised over areas of Palestinian custodianship and the specificity of Israeli and Palestinian territorial borders. Prior to the creation of the State of Israel, Jerusalem served as the administrative capital of Mandatory Palestine , which included present-day Israel and Jordan. From until , West Jerusalem served as Israel's capital, but was not recognized as such internationally because UN General Assembly Resolution envisaged Jerusalem as an international city.

On 27 June , the government of Levi Eshkol extended Israeli law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, but agreed that administration of the Temple Mount compound would be maintained by the Jordanian waqf, under the Jordanian Ministry of Religious Endowments. In , Israel ordered the closure of Orient House , home of the Arab Studies Society, but also the headquarters of the Palestine Liberation Organization , for security reasons.

The building reopened in as a Palestinian guesthouse. The accords banned any official Palestinian presence in the city until a final peace agreement, but provided for the opening of a Palestinian trade office in East Jerusalem. Due to its proximity to the city, especially the Temple Mount , Abu Dis , a Palestinian suburb of Jerusalem, has been proposed as the future capital of a Palestinian state by Israel. Israel has not incorporated Abu Dis within its security wall around Jerusalem.

The Palestinian Authority has built a possible future parliament building for the Palestinian Legislative Council in the town, and its Jerusalem Affairs Offices are all located in Abu Dis. While the international community regards East Jerusalem, including the entire Old City, as part of the occupied Palestinian territories , neither part, West or East Jerusalem, is recognized as part of the territory of Israel or the State of Palestine.

In the war of , the western part of the city was occupied by forces of the nascent state of Israel, while the eastern part was occupied by Jordan. The international community largely considers the legal status of Jerusalem to derive from the partition plan, and correspondingly refuses to recognize Israeli sovereignty over the city.

Following the Six-Day War , Israel extended its jurisdiction and administration over East Jerusalem, establishing new municipal borders. In , Israel approved legislation giving Jerusalem the highest national priority status in Israel. The law prioritized construction throughout the city, and offered grants and tax benefits to residents to make housing, infrastructure, education, employment, business, tourism, and cultural events more affordable.

Communications Minister Moshe Kahlon said that the bill sent "a clear, unequivocal political message that Jerusalem will not be divided", and that "all those within the Palestinian and international community who expect the current Israeli government to accept any demands regarding Israel's sovereignty over its capital are mistaken and misleading".

The status of the city, and especially its holy places, remains a core issue in the Israeli—Palestinian conflict. The Israeli government has approved building plans in the Muslim Quarter of the Old City [] in order to expand the Jewish presence in East Jerusalem, while some Islamic leaders have made claims that Jews have no historical connection to Jerusalem, alleging that the 2,year-old Western Wall was constructed as part of a mosque.

A team of experts assembled by the then Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak in concluded that the city must be divided, since Israel had failed to achieve any of its national aims there. On 5 December , Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion , proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal" and "sacred" capital, and eight days later specified that only the war had "compelled" the Israeli leadership "to establish the seat of Government in Tel Aviv", while "for the State of Israel there has always been and always will be one capital only - Jerusalem the Eternal", and that after the war, efforts had been ongoing for creating the conditions for "the Knesset The law declared Jerusalem the "complete and united" capital of Israel.

The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution on 20 August , which declared that the Jerusalem Law is "a violation of international law" , is "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith". Member states were called upon to withdraw their diplomatic representation from Jerusalem. Costa Rica and El Salvador followed in President Donald Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital and announced his intention to move the American embassy to Jerusalem, reversing decades of United States policy on the issue. Due to the general lack of international recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital, some non-Israeli media outlets use Tel Aviv as a metonym for Israel.

In April , the Russian Foreign Ministry announced it viewed Western Jerusalem as Israel's capital in the context of UN-approved principles which include the status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state. Many national institutions of Israel are located in Kiryat HaMemshala in Givat Ram in Jerusalem as a part of the Kiryat HaLeom project which is intended to create a large district that will house most government agencies and national cultural institutions. Some government buildings are located in Kiryat Menachem Begin.

However, it has stated that it would be willing to consider alternative solutions, such as making Jerusalem an open city. The PLO's current position is that East Jerusalem, as defined by the pre municipal boundaries, shall be the capital of Palestine and West Jerusalem the capital of Israel, with each state enjoying full sovereignty over its respective part of the city and with its own municipality. A joint development council would be responsible for coordinated development. Some states, such as Russia [] and China , [] recognize the Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital.

The Jerusalem City Council is a body of 31 elected members headed by the mayor, who serves a five-year term and appoints eight deputies. The former mayor of Jerusalem, Uri Lupolianski , was elected in Apart from the mayor and his deputies, City Council members receive no salaries and work on a voluntary basis. The longest-serving Jerusalem mayor was Teddy Kollek , who spent 28 years—-six consecutive terms-—in office.

Most of the meetings of the Jerusalem City Council are private, but each month, it holds a session that is open to the public. The municipal complex, comprising two modern buildings and ten renovated historic buildings surrounding a large plaza, opened in moved from the Jerusalem Historical City Hall Building. Along the southern side of old Jerusalem is the Valley of Hinnom , a steep ravine associated in biblical eschatology with the concept of Gehenna or Hell.

Today, this valley is hidden by debris that has accumulated over the centuries. Over centuries of warfare and neglect, these forests were destroyed. Farmers in the Jerusalem region thus built stone terraces along the slopes to hold back the soil, a feature still very much in evidence in the Jerusalem landscape. Water supply has always been a major problem in Jerusalem, as attested to by the intricate network of ancient aqueducts , tunnels, pools and cisterns found in the city. Mount Herzl , at the western side of the city near the Jerusalem Forest , serves as the national cemetery of Israel.

Csa , with hot, dry summers, and mild, wet winters. Snow flurries usually occur once or twice a winter, although the city experiences heavy snowfall every three to four years, on average, with short-lived accumulation. January is the coldest month of the year, with an average temperature of 9. With summers averaging similar temperatures as the coastline, the maritime influence from the Mediterranean Sea is strong, in particular given that Jerusalem is located on a similar latitude as scorching hot deserts not far to its east.

The highest recorded temperature in Jerusalem was Most of the air pollution in Jerusalem comes from vehicular traffic. Industrial pollution inside the city is sparse, but emissions from factories on the Israeli Mediterranean coast can travel eastward and settle over the city. Jerusalem's population size and composition has shifted many times over its 5, year history. Most population data pre is based on estimates, often from foreign travellers or organisations, since previous census data usually covered wider areas such as the Jerusalem District.

Between and , a number of estimates exist which conflict as to whether Jews or Muslims were the largest group during this period, and between and estimates conflict as to exactly when Jews became an absolute majority of the population. The study also found that about nine percent of the Old City's 32, people were Jews. In , 2, new immigrants settled in Jerusalem, mostly from the United States, France and the former Soviet Union. In terms of the local population, the number of outgoing residents exceeds the number of incoming residents.

In , 16, left Jerusalem and only 10, moved in. Consequently, the total fertility rate in Jerusalem 4. The average size of Jerusalem's , households is 3. In , the total population grew by 13, 1. In , Jews accounted for 74 percent of the population, while the figure for is down nine percent.

This correlates with the high number of children in Haredi families. While some Israelis avoid Jerusalem for its relative lack of development and religious and political tensions, the city has attracted Palestinians, offering more jobs and opportunity than any city in the West Bank or Gaza Strip. Palestinian officials have encouraged Arabs over the years to stay in the city to maintain their claim. Residents also are entitled to the subsidized healthcare and social security benefits Israel provides its citizens, and have the right to vote in municipal elections.

Arabs in Jerusalem can send their children to Israeli-run schools, although not every neighborhood has one, and universities. Israeli doctors and highly regarded hospitals such as Hadassah Medical Center are available to residents. Demographics and the Jewish-Arab population divide play a major role in the dispute over Jerusalem. In , the Jerusalem Development Authority proposed expanding city limits to the west to include more areas heavily populated with Jews. Within the past few years, there has been a steady increase in the Jewish birthrate and a steady decrease in the Arab birthrate.

In May , it was reported that the Jewish birthrate had overtaken the Arab birthrate. Currently, the city's birthrate stands about 4. In the last few years, thousands of Palestinians have moved to previously fully Jewish neighborhoods of East Jerusalem, built after the Six-Day War. In , 1, Palestinians lived in the previously exclusively Jewish neighborhood of Pisgat Ze'ev and constituted three percent of the population in Neve Ya'akov.

In the French Hill neighborhood, Palestinians today constitute one-sixth of the overall population. Jerusalem's Jewish population is overwhelmingly religious. The opening of high speed rail transit to Tel Aviv next year and the New Jerusalem Gateway Business District [] currently under construction is designed to alter business, tourism, and hopefully reverse the population exodus. Critics of efforts to promote a Jewish majority in Jerusalem say that government planning policies are motivated by demographic considerations and seek to limit Arab construction while promoting Jewish construction.

The Temple Mount , the holiest site in Judaism. The al-Aqsa Mosque , where Muslims believe Muhammad ascended to heaven. Jerusalem has been sacred to Judaism for roughly years, to Christianity for around years, and to Islam for approximately years. The Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem lists synagogues, churches, and 73 mosques within the city. Many Jews have " Mizrach " plaques hung on a wall of their homes to indicate the direction of prayer. Christianity reveres Jerusalem for its Old Testament history, and also for its significance in the life of Jesus.

According to the New Testament , Jesus was brought to Jerusalem soon after his birth [] and later in his life cleansed the Second Temple. The Gospel of John describes it as being located outside Jerusalem, [] but recent archaeological evidence suggests Golgotha is a short distance from the Old City walls, within the present-day confines of the city. Jerusalem is the third-holiest city in Sunni Islam. Muslims believe Muhammad was miraculously transported one night from Mecca to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, whereupon he ascended to Heaven to meet previous prophets of Islam.

Historically, Jerusalem's economy was supported almost exclusively by religious pilgrims, as it was located far from the major ports of Jaffa and Gaza. Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the national government has remained a major player in Jerusalem's economy. The government, centered in Jerusalem, generates a large number of jobs, and offers subsidies and incentives for new business initiatives and start-ups. Higher than average percentages are employed in education Although many statistics indicate economic growth in the city, since , East Jerusalem has lagged behind the development of West Jerusalem.

The unemployment rate in Jerusalem 8. While the ACRI attributes the increase to the lack of employment opportunities, infrastructure and a worsening educational system, Ir Amim blames the legal status of Palestinians in Jerusalem. Jerusalem has traditionally had a low-rise skyline. About 18 tall buildings were built at different times in the downtown area when there was no clear policy over the matter. One of them, Holyland Tower 1, Jerusalem's tallest building, is a skyscraper by international standards, rising 32 stories.

Holyland Tower 2, which has been approved for construction, will reach the same height. A new master plan for the city will see many high-rise buildings, including skyscrapers, built in certain, designated areas of downtown Jerusalem. One of the proposed towers along King George Street, the Migdal Merkaz HaYekum, is planned as a story building, which would make it one of the tallest buildings in Israel. At the entrance to the city, near the Jerusalem Chords Bridge and the Central Bus Station , twelve towers rising between 24 and 33 stories will be built, as part of a complex that will also include an open square and an underground train station serving a new express line between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv , and will be connected by bridges and underground tunnels.

Eleven of the skyscrapers will be either office or apartment buildings, and one will be a 2,room hotel. The complex is expected to attract many businesses from Tel Aviv, and become the city's main business hub. In addition, a complex for the city's courts and the prosecutor's office will be built, as well as new buildings for Central Zionist Archives and Israel State Archives.

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Jerusalem is served by highly developed communication infrastructures, making it a leading logistics hub for Israel. The companies operate from Jerusalem Central Bus Station. The Jerusalem Light Rail initiated service in August According to plans, the first rail line will be capable of transporting an estimated , people daily, and has 23 stops. Herzl in the south. Another work in progress [] is a new high-speed rail line from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, which is scheduled to be completed in Begin Expressway is one of Jerusalem's major north-south thoroughfares; it runs on the western side of the city, merging in the north with Route , which continues toward Tel Aviv.

Jerusalem is served by Ben Gurion Airport , some 50 kilometres 31 miles northwest of the Jerusalem, on the route to Tel Aviv. In the past it was also served by the local Atarot Airport. Atarot ceased operation in Jerusalem is home to several prestigious universities offering courses in Hebrew , Arabic and English. Founded in , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem has been ranked among the top schools in the world. Today it is both the central library of the university and the national library of Israel. Al-Quds University was established in [] to serve as a flagship university for the Arab and Palestinian peoples.

It describes itself as the "only Arab university in Jerusalem". The college gives Master of Arts in Teaching degrees. The Jerusalem College of Technology , founded in , combines training in engineering and other high-tech industries with a Jewish studies program. Numerous religious educational institutions and Yeshivot , including some of the most prestigious yeshivas, among them the Brisk, Chevron, Midrash Shmuel and Mir , are based in the city, with the Mir Yeshiva claiming to be the largest.

Unlike public schools , many Haredi schools do not prepare students to take standardized tests. Schools for Arabs in Jerusalem and other parts of Israel have been criticized for offering a lower quality education than those catering to Israeli Jewish students. A budget of 4. Although Jerusalem is known primarily for its religious significance , the city is also home to many artistic and cultural venues. The Israel Museum attracts nearly one million visitors a year, approximately one-third of them tourists. The museum has a large outdoor sculpture garden and a scale-model of the Second Temple.

It was built in during the British Mandate. The national cemetery of Israel is located at the city's western edge, near the Jerusalem Forest on Mount Herzl. The western extension of Mount Herzl is the Mount of Remembrance, where the main Holocaust museum of Israel is located.

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Yad Vashem , Israel's national memorial to the victims of the Holocaust , houses the world's largest library of Holocaust-related information. The complex contains a state-of-the-art museum that explores the genocide of the Jews through exhibits that focus on the personal stories of individuals and families killed in the Holocaust. An art gallery featuring the work of artists who perished is also present. Further, Yad Vashem commemorates the 1.

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The Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra , established in the s, [] has appeared around the world. The Israel Festival , featuring indoor and outdoor performances by local and international singers, concerts, plays, and street theater has been held annually since , and Jerusalem has been the major organizer of this event. The Jerusalem Theater in the Talbiya neighborhood hosts over concerts a year, as well as theater and dance companies and performing artists from overseas. Jerusalem was declared the Capital of Arab Culture in The Museum on the Seam, which explores issues of coexistence through art, is situated on the road dividing eastern and western Jerusalem.

Jerusalem is the state broadcasting center of Israel. God TV , an international Christian television network is also based in the city. The two most popular sports are football soccer and basketball. Fans include political figures who often attend its games. Beitar has won the top league six times, while Hapoel has never succeeded. Since its opening in , Teddy Stadium has been Jerusalem's primary football stadium, with a capacity of 31, In basketball, Hapoel Jerusalem is one of the top teams in the top division. The Jerusalem Marathon , established in , is an international marathon race held annually in Jerusalem in the month of March.

In , the Jerusalem Marathon drew 15, runners, including 1, from fifty countries outside Israel. A popular non-competitive sports event is the Jerusalem March , held annually during the Sukkot festival. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Jerusalem disambiguation. For further information, see Names of Jerusalem. For other uses, see Al-Quds disambiguation and Bayt al-Maqdis disambiguation. City in Israel and Palestine, Israel. Jerusalem skyline looking north from St. City in the Middle East.

Etymology Who is a Jew? Jewish peoplehood Jewish identity. Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim. This section may stray from the topic of the article. Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page. City of David and History of ancient Israel and Judah.

History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages. Jerusalem Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine. Battle for Jerusalem and City Line Jerusalem. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.

A Tour of the Incredible Old City of Jerusalem

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. April Learn how and when to remove this template message. Demographic history of Jerusalem. Religious significance of Jerusalem. List of Israeli twin towns and sister cities. Article 3 regards Jerusalem as its capital. One of its documents, described as "for discussion purposes only", says that Palestine has a '"vision"' for a future in which "East Jerusalem The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament Knesset are located there. Some of the Palestinian villages and neighborhoods have been relinquished to the West Bank de facto by way of the Israeli West Bank barrier , [15] but their legal statuses have not been reverted.

On the annexation of East Jerusalem, Israel also incorporated an area of the West Bank into the Jerusalem municipal area which represented more than ten times the area of East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule. Basic Law of Palestine. Archived from the original PDF on 6 February Retrieved 25 July Archived from the original on 18 April Retrieved 25 November This paper is for discussion purposes only. Nothing is agreed until everything is agreed. Palestinian vision for Jerusalem Pursuant to our vision , East Jerusalem , as defined by its pre occupation municipal borders, shall be the capital of Palestine, and West Jerusalem shall be the capital of Israel , with each state enjoying full sovereignty over its respective part of the city.

Archived from the original PDF on 4 March Palestine's capital, East Jerusalem The Palestinian acceptance of the border, which includes East Jerusalem, is a painful compromise: Jerusalem has always been and remains the political, administrative and spiritual heart of Palestine.

Occupied East Jerusalem is the natural socio-economic and political center for the future Palestinian state. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved August 26, Retrieved 19 September Archived from the original on 31 October Retrieved 13 May Archived from the original on 3 June Retrieved 5 March According to Eric H.

Cline's tally in Jerusalem Besieged. Retrieved 16 April The Changing Study of the Bible and History". Eerdmans Publishing — via Google Books. Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City. Retrieved 11 September Retrieved 4 August Retrieved 10 March Retrieved 3 January For a thousand years Jerusalem was the seat of Jewish sovereignty, the household site of kings, the location of its legislative councils and courts.

In exile, the Jewish nation came to be identified with the city that had been the site of its ancient capital. Jews, wherever they were, prayed for its restoration. For Jews Jerusalem is sacred simply because it exists Though Jerusalem's sacred character goes back three millennia Jerusalem in the theology of the Old Testament , Liturgical Press, , p. Archived from the original on 4 January Retrieved 28 March The Jewish people are inextricably bound to the city of Jerusalem.

No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, politics, culture, religion, national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Since King David established the city as the capital of the Jewish state circa BCE, it has served as the symbol and most profound expression of the Jewish people's identity as a nation. A Corpus-Linguistic Approach , p. The Isaiah section where they occur belong to deutero-Isaiah. Paul, Isaiah 40—66 , p. Eerdmans Publishing, p. The concept is attested in Mesopotamian literature, and the epithet may serve to distinguish Babylon, the city of exiles, from the city of the Temple, to where they are enjoined to return.

The Bible and Interpretation. Retrieved 10 July The available texts of antiquity indicate that the concept was created by one or more personalities among the Jewish spiritual leadership, and that this occurred no later than the 6th century B. Lienhard, The Bible, the Church, and Authority: But at the end of the first century C. What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam. The Muslim Approach to Politics.

The third holiest city of Islam—Jerusalem—is also very much in the center Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament. Jerusalem has always enjoyed a prominent place in Islam. Jerusalem is often referred to as the third holiest city in Islam Cambridge History of Islam. States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries. Retrieved 9 June A Will to Survive — Israel: West Jerusalem in Quarterly Update on Developments". Journal of Palestine Studies. Jerusalem, the Torn City. East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: East Jerusalem is regarded as occupied Palestinian territory by the international community, but Israel says it is part of its territory.

United Nations Department of Public Information. East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory. Archived from the original on 19 August Akram; Michael Dumper; Michael Lynk. International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: As we have noted previously the international legal status of Jerusalem is contested and Israel's designation of it as its capital has not been recognized by the international community.

However its claims of sovereign rights to the city are stronger with respect to West Jerusalem than with respect to East Jerusalem. Proposals and Positions Concerning the Future of Jerusalem. What, then, is Israel's status in west Jerusalem? Two main answers have been adduced: Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible. Retrieved 19 August Nadav Na'aman, Canaan in the 2nd Millennium B. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren eds.

Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament , tr. Jerusalem, the Holy City. Retrieved 17 December The Legends of the Jews Volume I: The Production of Literary by Jessica N. Ancient Israelite Literature by Susan Niditch p. Archived from the original on 10 March Retrieved 26 April The epithet may have originated in the ancient name of Jerusalem—Salem after the pagan deity of the city , which is etymologically connected in the Semitic languages with the words for peace shalom in Hebrew, salam in Arabic. A Dictionary of the Bible: I — Kinsman , Volume 2.

Reprinted from edition by University Press of the Pacific. Historic cities of the Islamic world. Center for Conflict Studies. Archived from the original on 26 April Grand Rapids, Michigan , p. The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids. Thanks to Duby Tal of Albatross and Noam Shalev of Highlight Films, we succeeded in capturing truly memorable images not likely to be repeated anytime soon.

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