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Table of contents
- William Gladstone - Conservapedia
- Global Leadership Programme
- Account Options
- Ten Prime Ministers who were made in Scotland
Both Tory Democracy and this new Liberalism, Gladstone wrote, had done "much to estrange me, and had for many, many years". Historian Sneh Mahajan has concluded, "Gladstone's second ministry remained barren of any achievement in the domestic sphere. It arrived two days in January , after a massacre killed thousands.
The disaster proved a major blow to Gladstone's popularity.
William Gladstone - Conservapedia
Queen Victoria sent him a telegram of rebuke which found its way into the press. Critics said Gladstone had neglected military affairs and had not acted promptly enough to save the besieged Gordon. Critics inverted his acronym, "G. Gladstone espoused the policy of Home Rule in late the "Hawarden Kite" , which resulted in the fall of Lord Salisbury's Government.
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The Irish Nationalists held the balance of power in Parliament at this time. Gladstone's conversion to Home Rule convinced them to support the Liberal government using the 86 seats in Parliament they controlled. The main purpose of this administration was to deliver Ireland a reform which would give it a devolved assembly, similar to those in place in Scotland and Wales since Gladstone regained his position as Prime Minister and combined the office with that of Lord Privy Seal.
During this administration he first introduced his Home Rule Bill for Ireland. The issue split the Liberal Party a breakaway group went on to create the Liberal Unionist party and the bill was thrown out on the second reading, ending his government after only a few months and inaugurating another headed by Lord Salisbury.
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Gladstone, says his biographer, "totally rejected the widespread English view that the Irish had no taste for justice, common sense, moderation or national prosperity and looked only to perpetual strife and dissension". A large faction of Liberals, led by Joseph Chamberlain , formed a Unionist faction that supported the Conservative party. Whenever the Liberals were out of power, home rule proposals languished.
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Gladstone supported the London dockers in their strike of After their victory he gave a speech at Hawarden on 23 September in which he said: "In the common interests of humanity, this remarkable strike and the results of this strike, which have tended somewhat to strengthen the condition of labour in the face of capital, is the record of what we ought to regard as satisfactory, as a real social advance [that] tends to a fair principle of division of the fruits of industry".
On 23 October at Southport , Gladstone delivered a speech where he said that the right to combination, which in London was "innocent and lawful, in Ireland would be penal and Gladstone believed that the right to combination used by British workers was in jeopardy when it could be denied to Irish workers.
On 11 December Gladstone said that: "It is a lamentable fact if, in the midst of our civilisation, and at the close of the nineteenth century, the workhouse is all that can be offered to the industrious labourer at the end of a long and honourable life. I do not enter into the question now in detail. I do not say it is an easy one; I do not say that it will be solved in a moment; but I do say this, that until society is able to offer to the industrious labourer at the end of a long and blameless life something better than the workhouse, society will not have discharged its duties to its poorer members".
Very large propositions, involving, some of them, very novel and very wide principles, have been submitted to the public, for the purpose of securing such a provision by means independent of the labourer himself Gladstone wrote on 16 July in autobiographica that "In the Government Gladstone wrote to Herbert Spencer , who contributed the introduction to a collection of anti-socialist essays A Plea for Liberty , , that "I ask to make reserves, and of one passage, which will be easily guessed, I am unable even to perceive the relevancy.
But speaking generally, I have read this masterly argument with warm admiration and with the earnest hope that it may attract all the attention which it so well deserves". The general election of resulted in a minority Liberal government with Gladstone as Prime Minister.
The House of Lords defeated the bill by voting against by votes to 41 on 8 September. The Elementary Education Blind and Deaf Children Act, passed in , required local authorities to provide separate education for blind and deaf children. Gladstone replied:. I cannot help regretting that the honourable and gallant Gentleman has felt it his duty to put the question. It is put under circumstances that naturally belong to one of those fluctuations in the condition of trade which, however unfortunate and lamentable they may be, recur from time to time.
Undoubtedly I think that questions of this kind, whatever be the intention of the questioner, have a tendency to produce in the minds of people, or to suggest to the people, that these fluctuations can be corrected by the action of the Executive Government.
Anything that contributes to such an impression inflicts an injury upon the labouring population. Gladstone opposed increasing public expenditure on the naval estimates, in the tradition of free trade liberalism of his earlier political career as Chancellor. All his Cabinet colleagues believed in some expansion of the navy. He declared in the Commons on 19 December that naval rearmament would commit the government to expenditure over a number of years and would subvert "the principle of annual account, annual proposition, annual approval by the House of Commons, which In a fragment of autobiography dated 25 July , Gladstone denounced the tax as.
I do not object to the principle of graduated taxation: for the just principle of ability to pay is not determined simply by the amount of income But, so far as I understand the present measure of finance from the partial reports I have received, I find it too violent.
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It involves a great departure from the methods of political action established in this country, where reforms, and especially financial reforms, have always been considerate and even tender I do not yet see the ground on which it can be justly held that any one description of property should be more heavily burdened than others, unless moral and social grounds can be shown first: but in this case the reasons drawn from those sources seem rather to verge in the opposite direction, for real property has more of presumptive connection with the discharge of duty than that which is ranked as personal For the sudden introduction of such change there is I think no precedent in the history of this country.
And the severity of the blow is greatly aggravated in moral effect by the fact that it is dealt only to a handful of individuals. Gladstone had his last audience with Queen Victoria on 28 February and chaired his last Cabinet on 1 March—the last of he had chaired. On that day he gave his last speech to the House of Commons, saying that the government would withdraw opposition to the Lords' amendments to the Local Government Bill "under protest" and that it was "a controversy which, when once raised, must go forward to an issue". He was not offered a peerage, having earlier declined an earldom.
Gladstone is both the oldest person to form a government—aged 82 at his appointment—and the oldest person to occupy the Premiership—being 84 at his resignation. On 8 January , in conversation with L. Tollemache, Gladstone explained that: "I am not so much afraid of Democracy or of Science as of the love of money. This seems to me to be a growing evil.
Also, there is a danger from the growth of that dreadful military spirit". On 2 January , Gladstone wrote to Francis Hirst on being unable to draft a preface to a book on liberalism: "I venture on assuring you that I regard the design formed by you and your friends with sincere interest, and in particular wish well to all the efforts you may make on behalf of individual freedom and independence as opposed to what is termed Collectivism". In the early months of , Gladstone and his wife stayed in Cannes. Gladstone met Queen Victoria, and she shook hands with him for to his recollection the first time in the 50 years he had known her.
One Sunday, returning from the altar rail, the old, partially blind man stumbled at the chancel step.
One of the clergy sprang involuntarily to his assistance, but retreated with haste, so withering was the fire which flashed from those failing eyes. At a dinner in November with Edward Hamilton, his former private secretary, Hamilton noted that "What is now uppermost in his mind is what he calls the spirit of jingoism under the name of Imperialism which is now so prevalent". Gladstone riposted "It was enough to make Peel and Cobden turn in their graves". On the advice of his doctor Samuel Habershon in the aftermath of an attack of facial neuralgia , Gladstone stayed at Cannes from the end of November to mid-February He gave an interview for The Daily Telegraph [] Gladstone then travelled to Bournemouth , where a swelling on his palate was diagnosed as cancer by the leading cancer surgeon Sir Thomas Smith on 18 March.
On 22 March, he retired to Hawarden Castle. Despite being in pain he received visitors and quoted hymns, especially Cardinal Newman 's " Praise to the Holiest in the Height ". His last public statement was dictated to his daughter Helen in reply to receiving the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford's "sorrow and affection": "There is no expression of Christian sympathy that I value more than that of the ancient University of Oxford, the God-fearing and God-sustaining University of Oxford.
I served her perhaps mistakenly, but to the best of my ability. My most earnest prayers are hers to the uttermost and to the last". After 18 April he did not come down to the ground floor but still came out of bed to lie on the sofa. It was early in the morning. He was obliged to be in bed, and he was ordered to remain there, but the time had come for the confession of sin and the receiving of absolution. Out of his bed he came. Alone he knelt in the presence of his God till the absolution has been spoken, and the sacred elements received. Gladstone died on 19 May at Hawarden Castle, Hawarden, aged He had been cared for by his daughter Helen who had resigned her job to care for her father and mother.
Ten Prime Ministers who were made in Scotland
Balfour giving notice for an Address to the Queen praying for a public funeral and a public memorial in Westminster Abbey. The day after, both Houses of Parliament approved of the Address and Herbert Gladstone accepted a public funeral on behalf of the Gladstone family. Gladstone's intensely religious mother was an evangelical of Scottish Episcopal origins, [] and his father joined the Church of England , having been a Presbyterian when he first settled in Liverpool. As a boy William was baptised into the Church of England. He rejected a call to enter the ministry, and on this his conscience always tormented him.
In compensation he aligned his politics with the evangelical faith in which he fervently believed. He announced that since that church possessed a monopoly of religious truth, nonconformists and Roman Catholics ought to be excluded from all government positions. The historian Thomas Babington Macaulay and other critics ridiculed his arguments and refuted them. Sir Robert Peel , Gladstone's chief, was outraged because this would upset the delicate political issue of Catholic Emancipation and anger the Nonconformists.
Gladstone altered his approach to religious problems, which always held first place in his mind. Before entering Parliament he had already substituted a high church Anglican attitude, with its dependence on authority and tradition, for the evangelical outlook of his boyhood, with its reliance upon the direct inspiration of the Bible. In middle life he decided that the individual conscience would have to replace authority as the inner citadel of the Church.
That view of the individual conscience affected his political outlook and changed him gradually from a Conservative into a Liberal. The following year, having met her in at the London home of Old Etonian friend and then fellow-Conservative MP James Milnes Gaskell , [] he married Catherine Glynne , to whom he remained married until his death 59 years later. They had eight children together:. Gladstone's eldest son William known as "Willy" to distinguish him from his father , and youngest, Herbert , both became Members of Parliament. William Henry predeceased his father by seven years.
Gladstone's private secretary was his nephew Spencer Lyttelton.