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Table of contents

At the heart of the controversy over translation is a differentiation between the following two types of diseases:. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease vCJD : first described in , a rare and fatal human neurodegenerative condition which is strongly linked to exposure, probably through food, to cattle infected with BSE World Health Organization [see note 9]; US Center for Disease Control and Prevention [19].

'Mad cow disease': What is BSE?

On 24 June, PD Swuchep broadcast another episode that dealt with US beef imports, concentrating this time on describing and explaining its intention in its previous reports on US beef, especially its 29 April report. The texts that were selected for translation came from original tapes, involving English, Japanese, and Chinese and 5, minutes of running time Kim , see note 2. Draft translation was carried out by a number of external translators who did not have access to a written transcript but worked directly from the video Won [see note 4]; Jeong a [see note 1].

The final version of subtitles that appeared on the television program were preceded by various versions of translations, including a draft translation, a first draft script pre-revision , and a second draft script post-revision , all of which were connected to each other in a sequential relationship and form a complicated text trajectory. Her claim that she verbally pointed out translation problems, including the wording in translation that could possibly present downer cows as BSE-infected cows, to the assistant script writer, Yeon-Hee Lee, were corroborated by Lee herself Jeong a [see note 1]; Lee [23].

However, Jeong also claimed that her comments and warnings were ignored by Lee. The assistant script writer was the only person from the production team at PD Swuchep with whom Jeong had any contact. The Seoul Central District Court stated:. Since Ji-min Jeong, as a freelance translator, translated only a part of the material covered by the defendants and worked as an English reviser to check the fit between the draft script that had been prepared for subtitling and the English language portion of the video that was broadcast in the episode, she did not participate in the process of making this program or meet anyone in the production team except for the assistant script writer.

Thus, she was not in a position to have accurate knowledge about the intention of the production, the process of making this episode, or the content of the covered material. Cho Neung-Hee, see note In the episode, a video-recorded reporting format is extensively used to provide a detailed and multi-voiced report.

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Large portions of the video-recorded report are based on video footage, image bites, and sound bites taken from longer interviews and public statements. Video footage and image bites are mostly provided with voiceover containing descriptions and narrative commentaries. Sound bites taken from interviews which take place in a language other than Korean are subtitled. The problem, however, is that sound bites are often used in reports without any description of the context in which the original speech is embedded Nylund As will be shown below, many translation problems in the episode center on the subtitling of sound bites.

Changes in referring expressions in the process of translation often occur because of differences in linguistic and cultural norms; however, they may also be motivated by translation guidelines or ideological orientation of the translating agent Munday ; Kang ; The consequences of such changes are often an alteration in textual meaning or even a reframing of a situation. Presented in its entirety, the sound bite partly overlaps with and then follows the video footage of downer cows at a meat processing plant.

In this extract, dairy cows is translated into Korean as this kind of cow , despite the fact that the corresponding term in Korean is cecso [ dairy cow ]. The likelihood of this kind of cow being interpreted by the viewers as downer cows in the footage would be high due to the synchronous delivery of image and voice. Such an interpretation by viewers becomes even more likely when the co-text is taken into consideration.

The following is an English back-translation of the Korean voiceover:. Thus, while the replacement of dairy cows with this type of cow could be considered a minor error, the consequences of the change are problematic in that the visuals, sound, context, and co-text simultaneously work to instruct the viewer to interpret the expression in a certain way, that is, to identify the referent as downer cows on the footage.

In this extract, it is unclear to what this and these in the ST refer to. As is the case with many sound bites, usually taken out of their contexts-of-production and put to use in new ones, it often remains uncertain what they refer to, and in order to precisely understand what these demonstratives mean, the preceding speech or context needs to be provided. The sound bite appears suddenly on screen following the report about the Virginia woman whose death is suspected to be related to the human-form of mad cow disease.

It is possible to infer that this beef or beef from these animals in the ST refer to 1 beef from downer cows, which may or may not be infected with BSE; 2 beef from BSE-infected cows; or 3 beef from cows raised in the US in general.

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What is interesting here is that the extract in Table 2, which is part of a video-recorded report, is directly followed by a comment from the main presenter in the studio who, referring to the video-recorded report, states that Akka kwangwupyeng kellin so tochwuktoyki cen mosupto chwungkyekcek [ The footage showing the slaughtering of mad cow disease-infected cattle just a minute ago was shocking ]. His comment effectively recasts the previous footage and discourse, including sound bites such as the extract in Table 2, as a portrayal of and commentary about mad cow disease-infected cows.

Downer cows in the footage are re-presented as BSE-infected cows and the sound bites on downer cows are reframed as comments about downer cows-as-mad cow disease-infected cows. Furthermore, when this comment is made by the main presenter, the viewers can see a large screen directly behind him, which shows the image of downer cows with the following sentence in large font in the middle of the screen: Mokswumul Kelko Kwangwupyeng Soykokilul Mekeya Hapnikka [ Should we put our lives on the line and eat mad cow disease-tainted beef ].

The visuals, sound, and subtitles work in a combined way to shape and construct a context of reception for viewers in which the danger of mad cow disease facing South Koreans is serious and immediate. Extract in Table 3 is a sound bite from an interview with a staff worker at the Virginia Department of Health VDH , [27] who reportedly carried out an investigation of the death of Aretha Vinson, suspected of having died from the human form of mad cow disease.

The quality of the image and sound is poor, since the source-video of this sound bite was shot undercover:. Sound bite from an interview with a staff worker at the Virginia Department of Health. In this extract, it is uncertain what is meant by an answer , since the sound bite does not include the question to which an answer is given. The use of an answer without any recourse to the question poses a problem in terms of interpretation. In the TT, however, meaning is explicitated, with as human-form of mad cow disease added in parentheses to a conclusion.

The effect of the addition is in line with other mechanisms at work: the meaning-constructing function of the immediately prior image and voiceover.


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The sound bite is preceded by a visual of the VDH press release, whose wording is too small and blurred to be legible, except for two English phrases that have been clearly enlarged by the producers of the program for Korean viewers: variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease vCJD and disease linked to consumption of beef. A Korean translation of these phrases is also provided just below the original phrases in bright yellow color.

What is interesting is that the press release in question is still available on the VDH website and describes the investigation as follows:. Further testing is the only way to know what caused this illness. At least cases have been reported worldwide since Diagnosis of the disease can be difficult and time consuming. While both are very rare brain disorders, the two are different diseases.

In the PD Swuchep , the visuals related to the press release, voiceover, and subtitles in the sound bite all work to present vCJD as the only possible cause of death. Cho Neung-Hee , see note 18 may be summarized as follows:. The Virginia Department of Health had announced in its press release that only additional investigation and autopsy result would precisely give the cause of death.

The reports all stated that the exact cause of death would be unknown until the autopsy result came in. This is especially the case in her use of the noun phrase a variant of CJD which is Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. Cho Neung-Hee , see note Her translation decision became public during the trials, and although this piece of text was not included in the final subtitles, her ability as a translator was seriously questioned as a result. The discussion shows that the descriptions of the cause of death are fraught with ambiguity and vagueness see Table 6 for another description of the cause of death.

Translation plays an important role in presenting vCJD as the only possible cause of death. The fact that other possible causes are not mentioned in the report suggests that the choice of wording in the TT is based on the consistency with the narrative of the report within which the TT is embedded. Focus is given to epistemic modality, which is concerned with the degree of commitment on the part of the speaker to her utterance and the question of how changes in epistemic modality may create different meanings in the TT. In the extract in Table 5, this disease that my daughter could possibly have is transferred in the TT to the disease that had infected our daughter , assigning a higher degree of confidence in the truth of the statement in the TT.

While the modal auxiliary could and modal adverb possibly are used in the ST to mark uncertainty about the truth values of Vinson being infected with vCJD, the underlined phrase in the TT indicates that no grammatical marking is used to signal similar epistemic modality, despite the fact that marking such epistemic positioning is possible in the Korean language.

The degree of doubt expressed in the ST is not represented in the TT, despite the fact that the linguistic resources are available in the inventory of Korean language to mark this kind of doubt. As a result of the change in epistemic modality, the degree of commitment on the part of the doctor to his utterance is much stronger in the TT. The extracts share the directionality in the change in epistemic judgment, that is, the degree of doubt is downplayed as a result of the process of translation. Omission is one of the most common characteristics of subtitling due to spatial and temporal constraints.

Many of the extracts discussed above have shown aspects of omission. In this section, my focus is on the information that is left out and the consequences of such omission, often leading to the construction of different meaning in the TT. In this extract, If she contracted it is omitted in the TT. While the Korean language also allows the distancing stance to be expressed by using conditionals, this option is not taken in the production of the TT.

Extract in Table 8 is another sound bite from an interview with Michael Greger of the Humane Society in regard to the video footage on downer cows.

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In this example, the multiple translation methods, including omission, addition, and shift in reference cumulatively work to construct a different meaning in the TT:. Sound bite from an interview with Michael Greger of the Humane Society.

The sound bite is in reference to the footage showing abusive actions taken by meat-packing factory employees in order to get the downer cows on their feet. In the extract of Table 8, the question is presented in different ways in the ST animal abuse and in the TT food safety and health. The translation methods used in the episode cumulatively and unidirectionally contribute to creating a narrative of the grave danger and risk that US beef poses to Koreans. In the preceding discussion, I examined the extent to which subtitles, in combination with sound and video, construct meaning and shape the context of reception for viewers.