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Letters from Switzerland and Travels in Italy: Truth and Poetry: from my own Life Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, (born August 28,
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Biography of Joseph Mallord William Turner

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Joseph Mallord William Turner - Biography and Legacy

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Book reviews. Sketches of the Criminal World: Cold, unromantic stories of criminality. Essays: Like a course in reading and writing fiction for the price of a book. Much ink, if not blood, has been spilled in furious arguments between historians over the precise route that Hannibal took across the Alps.

An international team of scientists now thinks the puzzle is largely solved. Its leader, geomorphologist Bill Mahaney of York University in Toronto, began pondering the question almost two decades ago by looking at geographical and environmental references in the classical texts.

The three Punic wars were a struggle for dominance of the Mediterranean region by the two great trading and military powers of the third and second centuries BC: Carthage and Rome. Carthage, a former Phoenician city-state in present-day Tunis, had an empire extending over most of the north African coast as well as the southern tip of Iberia.

Rome was then still a republic, and the two states were locked in a power struggle apt to flare into open war, until the Romans annihilated Carthage in BC. Hannibal, son of general Hamilcar who led troops in the first Punic war, gave Carthage its most glorious hour.

He is ranked alongside Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar and his nemesis Scipio as one of the greatest military strategists of the ancient world, and his alpine crossing plays a big part in that reputation. They make it sound truly harrowing. During the descent the Carthaginians were mostly unmolested, but now the mountains themselves threatened mortal danger. The Alps are steeper on the Italian side, and the path is narrow, hemmed in by precipices.

Hannibal tried a detour on the terrifying slopes to the side of the path, but the snow and mud were too slippery. So instead he set his troops to construct a road from the rubble, and after backbreaking labour he got the men, horses and mules down the slope and below the snowline. The elephants were another matter — it took three days to make a road wide enough. Where exactly Hannibal crossed the Alps was a point of contention even in the days of Polybius and Livy.


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Nineteenth-century historians argued about it, and even Napoleon weighed in. The controversy was still raging a hundred years later. Some authorities proposed a northerly path, past present-day Grenoble and through two passes over 2, metres high. Others argued for a southerly course across the Col de la Traversette — the highest road, reaching 3,m above sea level. Or might the route have been some combination of the two, starting in the north, then weaving south and north again? The southern route was advocated in the ss by Sir Gavin de Beer, director of the British Museum natural history , who published no fewer than five books on the subject.

For Mahaney, it began as a hobby and become a labour of love. Further, these letters were written during a key period of Rilke's early artistic development after his reputation as a poet began to be established with the publication of parts of Das Stunden-Buch The Book of Hours and Das Buch der Bilder The Book of Images. Figures from Greek mythology such as Apollo , Hermes and Orpheus recur as motifs in his poems and are depicted in original interpretations e.

Hermes , Rilke's Eurydice , numbed and dazed by death, does not recognize her lover Orpheus, who descended to hell to recover her. Other recurring figures in Rilke's poems are angels , roses and a character of a poet and his creative work. Rilke often worked with metaphors , metonymy and contradictions.

Rilke's little-known poem, "Visions of Christ" depicted Mary Magdalene as the mother to Jesus' child. In the United States, Rilke is one of the more popular, best-selling poets. Rilke's work specifically the Duino Elegies has deeply influenced several poets and writers, including William H. Auden — has been described as "Rilke's most influential English disciple" and he frequently "paid homage to him" or used the imagery of angels in his work.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Austrian poet and writer. For other uses, see Rilke disambiguation. Clara Westhoff m. Rose, o pure contradiction, desire to be no one's sleep beneath so many lids. See also: The Book of Hours. See also: Duino Elegies.

See also: Sonnets to Orpheus. See also: Letters to a Young Poet. Two volumes, Wiesbaden , reprinted in single volume. Poetry portal Biography portal. Retrieved 2 February Poetry Foundation. Retrieved See also Stanley, Patricia H. Rilke reinterpreted "as a master who can lead us to a more fulfilled and less anxious life". Encyclopedia Britannica. Victoria Rilke's Russia: A Cultural Encounter. Northwestern University Press , Rainer Maria Rilke. Stefan Schank: Rainer Maria Rilke. A History of Austrian Literature Camden House.

The Cambridge Companion to Rilke.

Bestselling Series

Cambridge University Press. OUP Oxford.

The prince of darkness. Ariadne Press. Life of a Poet: Rainer Maria Rilke. Northwestern University Press. Retrieved 28 January Knopf, Mary Magdalen: Myth and Metaphor.

The truth about Hannibal’s route across the Alps | Science | The Guardian

Merwin: Essays on the Poetry University of Illinois, , p. Bonaventure University, See: Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Mohr, , pp.