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Passages of Henry V. illustrated in the present work. Act it. scene 2., Act v. scene 3., i. note. Illustrations of Henry VI. Part III. Act i. scene 1., ii. scene 2.
Table of contents

Self-actualized people are those who were fulfilled and doing all they were capable of.

John E. Alvis, “”The Corrupting Influence of Power in Shakespeare's Plays" (July 2016)

For Maslow, a person is always 'becoming' and never remains static in these terms. In self-actualization, a person comes to find a meaning to life that is important to them. As each individual is unique, the motivation for self-actualization leads people in different directions Kenrick et al. For some people self-actualization can be achieved through creating works of art or literature, for others through sport, in the classroom, or within a corporate setting.

Maslow believed self-actualization could be measured through the concept of peak experiences. This occurs when a person experiences the world totally for what it is, and there are feelings of euphoria, joy, and wonder. It is important to note that self-actualization is a continual process of becoming rather than a perfect state one reaches of a 'happy ever after' Hoffman, The specific form that these needs will take will of course vary greatly from person to person.

Kingship and Power in Shakespeare's Richard II, Henry IV and Henry V

In one individual it may take the form of the desire to be an ideal mother, in another it may be expressed athletically, and in still another it may be expressed in painting pictures or in inventions' Maslow, , p. Although we are all, theoretically, capable of self-actualizing, most of us will not do so, or only to a limited degree. Maslow estimated that only two percent of people would reach the state of self-actualization.


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He was especially interested in the characteristics of people whom he considered to have achieved their potential as individuals. By studying 18 people he considered to be self-actualized including Abraham Lincoln and Albert Einstein Maslow identified 15 characteristics of a self-actualized person.

Behaviour leading to self-actualization:. The characteristics of self-actualizers and the behaviours leading to self-actualization are shown in the list above. Although people achieve self-actualization in their own unique way, they tend to share certain characteristics. However, self-actualization is a matter of degree, 'There are no perfect human beings' Maslow, a, p.

It is not necessary to display all 15 characteristics to become self-actualized, and not only self-actualized people will display them. Maslow did not equate self-actualization with perfection. Self-actualization merely involves achieving one's potential. Thus, someone can be silly, wasteful, vain and impolite, and still self-actualize.

Less than two percent of the population achieve self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory has made a major contribution to teaching and classroom management in schools. Rather than reducing behaviour to a response in the environment , Maslow a adopts a holistic approach to education and learning. Maslow looks at the complete physical, emotional, social, and intellectual qualities of an individual and how they impact on learning. Applications of Maslow's hierarchy theory to the work of the classroom teacher are obvious.

Before a student's cognitive needs can be met, they must first fulfill their basic physiological needs. For example, a tired and hungry student will find it difficult to focus on learning. Students need to feel emotionally and physically safe and accepted within the classroom to progress and reach their full potential. Maslow suggests students must be shown that they are valued and respected in the classroom, and the teacher should create a supportive environment. Students with a low self-esteem will not progress academically at an optimum rate until their self-esteem is strengthened.

Maslow , p. The most significant limitation of Maslow's theory concerns his methodology.


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Maslow formulated the characteristics of self-actualized individuals from undertaking a qualitative method called biographical analysis. He looked at the biographies and writings of 18 people he identified as being self-actualized. From these sources, he developed a list of qualities that seemed characteristic of this specific group of people, as opposed to humanity in general.

From a scientific perspective , there are numerous problems with this particular approach. First, it could be argued that biographical analysis as a method is extremely subjective as it is based entirely on the opinion of the researcher.

Shakespeare Henry IV Essay

Personal opinion is always prone to bias, which reduces the validity of any data obtained. Therefore Maslow's operational definition of self-actualization must not be blindly accepted as scientific fact. Furthermore, Maslow's biographical analysis focused on a biased sample of self-actualized individuals, prominently limited to highly educated white males such as Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein, William James, Aldous Huxley, Beethoven.

Henry Iv And Henry V By William Shakespeare

Although Maslow did study self-actualized females, such as Eleanor Roosevelt and Mother Teresa, they comprised a small proportion of his sample. This makes it difficult to generalize his theory to females and individuals from lower social classes or different ethnicity. Thus questioning the population validity of Maslow's findings.

Furthermore, it is extremely difficult to empirically test Maslow's concept of self-actualization in a way that causal relationships can be established. Another criticism concerns Maslow's assumption that the lower needs must be satisfied before a person can achieve their potential and self-actualize. This is not always the case, and therefore Maslow's hierarchy of needs in some aspects has been falsified. Through examining cultures in which large numbers of people live in poverty such as India , it is clear that people are still capable of higher order needs such as love and belongingness.

However, this should not occur, as according to Maslow, people who have difficulty achieving very basic physiological needs such as food, shelter, etc. Also, many creative people, such as authors and artists e. Psychologists now conceptualize motivation as a pluralistic behaviour, whereby needs can operate on many levels simultaneously.

A person may be motivated by higher growth needs at the same time as lower level deficiency needs. The survey was conducted from to Respondents answered questions about six needs that closely resemble those in Maslow's model: basic needs food, shelter ; safety; social needs love, support ; respect; mastery; and autonomy.

They also rated their well-being across three discrete measures: life evaluation a person's view of his or her life as a whole , positive feelings day-to-day instances of joy or pleasure , and negative feelings everyday experiences of sorrow, anger, or stress. The results of the study support the view that universal human needs appear to exist regardless of cultural differences. However, the ordering of the needs within the hierarchy was not correct. Your browser does not support the audio element. McLeod, S. Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Hoffman, E.

The Declaration of Independence

The right to be human: A biography of Abraham Maslow. Kenrick, D. Goal-driven cognition and functional behaviour: The fundamental-motives framework. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19 1 , Maslow, A.


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    6. A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50 4 , We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.

    That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.

    But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Like the rest of the Declaration, the preamble is "brief, free of verbiage, a model of clear, concise, simple statement.

    Henry VI Part III , Queen Margaret, Rachael Wegener

    Each word is chosen and placed to achieve maximum impact. Each clause is indispensable to the progression of thought.

    The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence

    Each sentence is carefully constructed internally and in relation to what precedes and follows. In its ability to compress complex ideas into a brief, clear statement, the preamble is a paradigm of eighteenth-century Enlightenment prose style, in which purity, simplicity, directness, precision, and, above all, perspicuity were the highest rhetorical and literary virtues. One word follows another with complete inevitability of sound and meaning. Not one word can be moved or replaced without disrupting the balance and harmony of the entire preamble. The stately and dignified tone of the preamble--like that of the introduction--comes partly from what the eighteenth century called Style Periodique, in which, as Hugh Blair explained in his Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, "the sentences are composed of several members linked together, and hanging upon one another, so that the sense of the whole is not brought out till the close.